CULTURAL HERITAGE OF NEPAL

Nepal Culture

2011-06-13T09:44:00.000-07:00

Nepal is blessed with a rich cultural heritage. Culture has been called 'the way of life for an entire society'. The statement holds particularly true in case of Nepal where every aspect of life, food, clothing and even occupations are culturally classified. In a society so feudalistic and so fractured across class lines, cultural heritage comes as a fresh wind. The culture of Nepal includes the codes of manners, dress, language, rituals, norms of behavior and systems of belief.

The culture of Nepal is a unique combination of tradition and novelty. The traditions are followed as they were and new customs are created to keep pace with the changing times. It is surprising to note that a country as poor, illiterate and backward as Nepal displays such flexibility when it come to incorporating traits from other cultures. Culture in Nepal is an assemblage of music, architecture, religion and literature. The mountain kingdom of Nepal is multi-ethic and multi-lingual. The land is rich with unique cultural groups like Tharu,Yadav, Ahir, Newars and others.

Nepalese are among the most hospitable hosts. This is the reason for which tourists from far and wide enjoy coming to Nepal time and again. Nepalese are culturally warm, hospitable and affectionate hosts who place their heart above their head. Religion is the lifeblood of the Nepalese. Officially it is a Hindu country, but in practice the religion is a syncretism of Hindu and Buddhist beliefs with a pantheon of Tantrik deities tagged on.

Nepal's food is surprisingly dull given that it lies at the intersection of the two great gastronomic giants India and China. Most of the time meals consist of a dish called dhal-bhat-tarkari that is a combination of lentil soup, rice and curried vegetables. It can hardly be considered, a dynamic national cuisine. On the other hand, Nepal has adapted famously to Western tastes, markedly evident in Katmandu's smorgasbord of menus: Mexican tacos; Japanese sukiyaki; Thai chocolate; Chinese marshmallows; onion and minestrone soup; borscht, quiche and soy burgers; and some of the best desserts - apple and lemon pies, almond layer cakes, fruit cakes - found anywhere in the world.

Art and Crafts of Nepal

Nepalese art is heavily inspired from Hinduism and Buddhism. The 2 millennium old Hindu and Buddhist heritage has survived various onslaughts and is still influencing the Nepalese art and craft tradition. Following are the various art and craft forms of Nepal.

Fairs and Festivals in Nepal

Nepal has a vibrant Hindu past and that's reflected in most of its festivals and celebrations. Besides, being the close neighbor of India, Nepal has had a constant history of cultural exchange with it. Therefore most of the Hindu festivals that are celebrated in India are celebrated in Nepal as well. The most important of these festivals are Dipawali and Holi.

Nepali Music

The rhythm, beats, bounce of Nepali traditional folk and classical music is spiritual enough to sooth you and entertaining enough to cheer you. Music is associated with every event in Nepal, then be it birth, marriage, festivals or National events.

Cuisines of Nepal

The most prevalent Nepali dish is 'Daal, Bhaat and Tarkaari' (lentils, rice, vegetable curry respectively). This is the main course served in the most Nepalese houses irrespective of the economic conditions, that too in both lunch as well as dinner. Nepali food is much less spicy than Indian food, and many dishes are Tibetan in origin. It seems that Indian influence is only confined to Southwestern part of Nepal.

Language Of Nepal

Nepal is a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic country. The Nepalese society has acted as the melting pot for various ethnic groups. Almost all of these ethnic groups have their own languages. Nepali or Nepalese is the major language of Nepal. It is also the official language of Nepal. There are other languages too that are widely spoken in Nepal such as Newari, Bhojpuri, Awadhi and Maithali. While the Newar community speaks the former, the immigrants from the Indian states of Bihar and Eastern Utter Pradesh speak Bhojpuri, Awadhi and Maithali.

People Of Nepal

Perched on the Southern slopes of the Himalayan Mountains, the Kingdom of Nepal is ethnically diverse. The Nepalese are descendants of three major migrations. These migrations have taken place from India, Tibet, and Central Asia. Among the earliest inhabitants were the Newar of the Kathmandu Valley and aboriginal Tharu in the southern Tarai region.

Nepal Culture and Customs

2011-05-02T06:20:00.000-07:00

Nepal has rich cultural history Because of Nepal’s vast diversity in altitude that has reflected to our unique culture. culture Also being sandwiched between both India and China people exist at different altitudes which also affects the way in which they live their lives and hence their culture. Many of ethnic groups have their own dramatic culture, language and dialects.

Although some customs have merely been converted to habits without thought, ancient texts justify them with far-fetched reasons, sometimes making sense and sometimes not.

culture Most of these customs go back to the Hindu and Buddhist traditions. Among them, the rules of marriage are particularly interesting. In traditional families marriage deals are arranged by parents after the boy or girl come of age. Child marriage and polygamy that were once upheld and accepted with glee are not allowed by the law anymore.

(Some dos and don’ts)

* Affection between men and women, even married, is selfdom expressed. Public kissing, hugging, and hand- holding are offensive to most Nepalese and a sign moral. But it is acceptable for two men to walk hand in hand.

*Anger is best not expressed openly. It causes you and the person you’re mad at loss of face.

*Baksheesh is an extra payment for a service performed and is usually given to porters or laborers at the end of the job. It can be money or clothes or anything else and there is no set rate.

*Bargaining is to be expected. Don’t bargain if you’re not really interested. If your price is accepted, don’t try to back out, and don’t try to get an even lower price.

*Bathing in the hills is very conservative. Men should wear shorts; women should wear a lungi pulled up under the arms.

*Children are spoiled crazies. Don’t be surprised if you are the center of attraction everywhere.

*Clothing is conservative. Men should not go bare- chest and shorts should be conservative. Women should avoid bare shoulders halter tops, and shorts. Ties and suits are not necessary except for special occasions.

*Conversations may have ‘dead’ patches. Nepalese are not uncomfortable with silence.

*Cows are sacred. They go and sleep where they want. Watch out for them if you must stretch them out while sitting on the floor. Never step over anyone, and always move your feet let people avoid stepping over you.

*Gifts are rarely given and seldom opened in front of the person who has given it.

*Heads are sacred and should be treated with respect. Never should be treated without respect. Never take who has given it and never take a topi (hat) off a man’s head, even in fun.

*Invitations often arrive at the last moment. Don’t be surprised or offended, it happens to everyone. If you’re busy, even a short appearance is enough.

*Jutho (impurity) refers to food that is ritually polluted and therefore inedible; any food which has come into contact, either directly or indirectly with the month becomes jutho.

*Left hands are used for cleaning oneself after going to the toilet. It is never used to pass or accept things, whether food at the table or money with a shopkeeper.

POPULATION OF MAJOR ETHNIC GROUPS OF NEPAL

2011-05-02T06:16:00.001-07:00

ETH. GROUP	POPULATION
BRAHMAN	2388455
CHHETRI	2968082
CHEPANG	36656
GURUNG	449189
LIMBU	297186
MUSLIM	653055
MAGAR	1339308
NEWAR	1041090
RAI	525551
RAUTE	2878
SHERPA	110358
THARU	1194224
THAKURI	299473
THAKALI	13731
TAMANG	1018252

MAJOR ETHNIC GROUPS:

THE SHERPAS

The most famous among the Himalayan people are the Sherpas. Because of their impeccable mountaineering skills, they are an indispensable part of mountain expeditions as leaders, guides and porters. As an individual or in groups, they have set records of many ' firsts' in the mountaineering world. Due to their close affinity to Tibet, in trade, tradition and tongue, the Tibetan influence in their living style is quite distinct. They come, however, from Solu and Khumbu region of eastern Nepal , in the vicinity of Mt. Everest, along the Arun Valley, the Dudh Koshi river and its tributary areas.

Economy and Trade
The economy of the Sherpas, is related directly to the mountain environment. They primarily live on field agriculture, animal husbandry, trade and mountaineering. The people of Solu (relatively in the lower and warmer region compared to Khumbu) grow potato, barley, wheat , maize and others and trade them in the nearby areas. The Khumbu Sherpas have limited pasture of arable land and they primarily depend upon animal husbandry, yak and sheep breeding. They produce different Yak derivatives; including butter, cheese etc. Yak butter is used in making the traditional salted Tibetan tea. Khumbu lies in an important trade route to Tibet through Nangpa La (Nangpa Pass). Namche bazaar is the main trading center in this region. This gateway to Mt. Everest is prosperous and it bustles with activities in the mountaineering and trekking seasons. Its numerous hotels provide modern facilities including various Satellite TV channels, public telephone services and different culinary delicacies; the traditional and continental. As the number of tourists and expedition increases, the scope of these highlanders for the employment as guides, and high altitude porters gradually increases. This has helped quite a lot in their living standards.

Traditions and Culture
There are two distinct castes in the Sherpa society; the Khadev and Khamedu, the former having a higher social status. There are several clans eg Chhusherwa, Chiawa Gardza, Gole, Goparma, Hirgoma, Lakshindu, Lama, Mende, Mipa, Ngawa, Paldorje, Pankarma, Pinasa, Salaka, Shargup, Sherwa, Shine, Thaktu and others. Sherpa society is exogamous. i.e. a person must marry outside his or her clan. Fraternal polyandry is found among the Sherpas, that is two brothers may marry one common wife. However, if there are three brothers in a Sherpa family, the middle brother has to serve the monastery as a monk and for a family with four brothers, the group of two may marry two common wives. The polyandry which is also found in the most of the northern Himalayan ethnic groups, could have a common reasoning of the limited arable land available to them. This may restrain the family land being sub- divided into smaller units. The attitude towards is also relaxed in general. Polygamy, i.e., marrying more than one wife is rare. Sherpas observe a number of festivals during the year. The important ones are losar and dumze. Losar is the new year's celebration according to the Tibetan calendar. It occurs sometimes in the end of February. This singing, dancing, feasting time is rejoiced by all families. Dumze is interesting festival observed in the village ' gomba' or the monastery for seven days, sometimes during the month of July. The village lama conducts the rituals by worshipping Guru Rimpoche, Phawa Cheresi, Tsanba and other deities. While the villagers gather in the evenings at the gomba and enjoy eateries and drinks. Singing, dancing , and merry making being always the part of the occasion. Khumbu- hyulla, a local deity is always worshipped on every occasion. There is one occasion , Nungne, when people take solemn fasting or partial fasting for three days by laymen and for a fortnight by the nuns and lamas. People gather in gomba and recite the sacred texts. Those who can not recite the texts, they chant; 'Om Mani padme hum'. This is marked as a kind of penitence. These famous highlanders of Nepal are always on the move; sometimes to the greener and warmer pastures southwards; sometimes to trade and sometimes to climb the mountain as a guide, a leader or simply a porter. There are many of Sherpas who have set records in the mountaineering world. Tenzing Norgay Sherpa with Sir Edmund Hillary, was the first to climb the highest mountain of the world in 1953. Ang Rita Sherpa, nicknamed ' the snow leopard' climbed the highest mountains for the 10th time in 1996, an astonishing feat for any human being that too without oxygen mask. Even collectively , this ethnic group has the most climbers and record holders atop the highest mountain.

GURUNGS

In the middle hills and valleys along the southern slope of the Annapurna Himalaya in the mid- western Nepal; the Gurungs live together with other ethnic groups. Majority of them, the Magars and their Khasa counterparts, have formed the bulk of the famous Gorkha regiment of British and Indian Army; Royal Nepalese Army and the police. These sturdy, hardworking people are Mongoloid physionomically. They extend their living territories from Gorkha in the east through Lamjung and Kaski to Syangja district. Almost every Gurung village or a family boasts many young men in the Gorkha regiment; their pensions and salaries being one of the main resourses of their living.

Economy and Trade
The economy of the Gurungs are mainly based on agriculture, animal husbandry and services in the army. They grow rice, wheat, maize, millet and potatoes. The terraced farming is the norms. They also derive their subsistence from sheep breeding for meat and wool. While sheep herding they use fierce mastiffs (sheepdogs). Most of the Gurung families have, however, an important source of income; the pensions and salaries of the family members who are in the army. Among them, there still exist the legendary fighters of British Gorkha Regiment, who were honored with Victoria Crosses for their bravery.

Tradition and Culture
The Gurungs are very colorful, happy and flirtatious people. A caste hierarchy divides the Gurung community into ' char jat' and ' sor jat', group of four and sixteen clans respectively. They are distinctly endogamous groups. Traditionally they prefer cross- cousins marriage. Among some Gurungs, a small amount of compensation may be necessary if one wishes to avoid cross- cousins marriage. The parallel cousins marriage is , however, strictly prohibited. They also have a tradition of ' Rodi' , a club of boys and girls of similar age group where dancing and singing is performed. This institution gives them ample opportunities to know, understand each other and develop love and affection. The environment in the Rodi is very flirtatious. The whole function is guided and held in the supervision of an adult. The Gurungs have very interesting dance tradition. They perform Sorathi, Ghado, Ghatu and others on one or many occasions. The dancing season generally starts on Shri Panchami day ( On the fifth day of bright lunar fortnight some day in January or February) till the day of Chandi purnima (some day in May or April). Traditional dress of the Gurungs includes a short blouse tied across the front and a short skirt of several yards of white cotton material wrapped around the waist and held like a wide belt. The Gurung women wear a cotton or velveteen blouse tied at the front, and a sari of printed material usually a dark reddish color. Their ornaments include gold and coral necklaces, gold earrings and nose rings and bangles

THAKALI

Physionomically Mongoloid featured 'Thakalis' are believed to have originated from Thak Khola , the valley of the Kali Gandaki river in western Nepal. These people are famous for their neatly tended kitchens and derive their subsistence from hotels, inns, and restaurants income. They are encountered mainly in the Annapurana round trekking, one of the most famous trekking routes in the country. Thak Khola lies in Mustang district of Dhaulagiri zone of Nepal. Thak- sat-se is the traditional area of the Thakali community, which lies in the salt trading zone on the south of Tukuche mountain.

Economy and Trade
The Thakalis, with exceptional businessmanship are one of the most successful ethnic groups in the country. They derive profitably from trade and tourism through their investments in hotels, motels and trading of salt. 'Thak- sat- se' and Tukuche are the traditional areas of salt trading with Tibet. As middlemen, the Thakali get their salt from Tibet either directly or through neighboring border people of Lo, Bar gaun and Panch gaun. They barter it with rice , wheat, buck wheat from lower hills. Among the Thakalis, there persists an interesting system of financial co- operative scheme, known as Dhigur which is used to maintain the relative financial security for the Thakalis. Dhigur, the lump sum contributed by many Thakali families and persons, is lent to the one who is needy for his/ her trading activities.

Tradition and Culture
In contrast to the Gurungs, the Thakalis form a strictly endogamus group which is distinctly divided into four exogamus clans. A Thakali thus has to marry none other than Thakali, but the marriage has to be outside his or her own particular clan. The four clans are equal in status socially or ritually. However, on the basis of precedance in the worship, Gauchan clan comes first, followed by Tulachan, Sherchan, and Bhattachan. They have their particular clan gods as animal representative of dragon, elephant, lion and yak for Gauchan, Tulachan, Sherchan and Bhattachan respectively. A Thakali practices cross-cousin marriage. Marriage is usually by capture. Usually friends and relatives of the to-be-bridegroom, capture the girl in the evening and retain her confined in one of the relative's house until they get the approval from the girl's parents. Polygamy i.e. marrying more than one wife is occasionally found but polyandry are not found among the Thakalis. The religion of the Thakali is a mixture of Buddhism, Jhankrism, Bonpo and Hinduism, but they are close to Jhankrism, a kind of Shamanistic cult as their original religion. Lha Feva is the most significant festival for the Thakalis. It is observed some day in the month of November of every monkey year of the twelve year cycle according to the Tibetan calendar. Lha Feva is observed as the coming of God. The Sanskritic name of the festival is Kumbha Mela. Another festival Shyoben lava, its Sanskritic name ' Kumar Jatra', is a ceremony for boys. The Thakali society is undergoing rapid cultural change. They are constantly reforming their society with the changing times. Although they represent a small ethnic group,they have a strong contribution in the national economy on the whole.

TAMANGS

The Tamangs live mainly in the high hills in the east , north, south and west of Kathmandu Valley in the central part of Nepal. These Tibeto- Burman speaking ethnic group derive their subsistence mainly as porters for the traders and trekking expeditions. While trekking in the Helambu or Langtang , we come across many of these people. Despite being so close to the capital city of Kathmandu, they are still backward and impoverished.

Economy and Trade
Most Tamangs, living in compact traditional settlements, are self- sufficient as far as food is concerned. Tamangs living outside such settlements are generally very poor and they mainly work as porters, coolies for the trekkers and traders in the hill areas. They can not sustain on the cultivation on their marginal strip of land. Tamangs are very skillful in making woolen garments from sheep wool. Some of them are also trained to paint beautiful thankas.

Tradition and Culture
The Tamang community is divided into several exogamous clans. A Tamang may marry any other except from his or her own clan. Cross- cousin marriage is preferred. Polyandry is not found but polygamy is common. The Tamangs are Buddhists. The religious activities are based on Jhankrism. There are several ghyangs (Buddhist temples) in every Tamang settlement. All their festivals and ceremonies are performed in Buddhist fashion. On the first day of Magh (some day in January and February), they celebrate Chho in these ghyangs. Another feasting ceremony, nara is observed on the full moon day. Altogether, the Tamangs represent a community greatly exploited and poor in general.

RAIS AND LIMBUS

The Rais come from surrounding hills in the north-eastern Nepal ; mainly near Dhankuta, Terhathum, Bhojpur and Arun and Dudh valleys. Likewise , the Limbus come from the extreme east of Nepal; mainly from the region of Taplejung, Khotang and Arun Valley. The Rais are neither purely Hindu nor Buddhist. They have their own tutelary deities and beliefs. Tibetan lamaism has, however, great influence in their rites and rituals. The Limbus follow a mixture of Shivaism, Buddhism and Animism. The Rais and Limbus altogether form 4.4% of total population.

Economy and Trade
The Rais mainly derive their subsistence from agriculture. They cultivate paddy, millet, wheat, corn and even cotton. They also form a strong group in the Gorkha regiment, Royal Nepalese Army and the police. The Limbus are mostly farmers. An ancient strange tradition prohibits them from working in the fields on the full moon and new moon days. There is no apparent and logical reason for the tradition.

Tradition and Culture
Among the Rais, marriages are monogamous. The marriages are held by arrangements, captures and elopements. The Limbus follow the same marriage tradition. Both the Rais and Limbus bury the deceased and place a tombstone on the grave, bearing the name and date.

THARUS

The Tharus are the indigenous ethnic group who live in the northern part of Terai and inner Terai with a concentrated population in the middle and west of the country. They approximately form 6.4% of total population. Most of the Tharus have Mongoloid features with dark and semi- dark colors. They are aboriginal Terai settlers. Some also believe that Tharus came to Nepal from India during the Muslim invasion in the 12th and 13th century. The Tharus have their indigenous dialect, known as 'Naja'. But they speak a mixture of local dialects, such as Prakriti, Bhojpuri, Mughali, Nepali, Urdu and Maithili.

Culture and Tradition
The Tharus believe in Animism. They also celebrate Hindu festivals. There are normally two clans; Pradhan and Apradhan. The former is considered superior. Each of the Tharu family venerates its personal tutelary deity which is represented by a lump of earth mixed with multicolored cotton threads, crude sugarcane and a gold coin in the center. Each village has its own local gods and goddesses protecting the people. Marriages among the Tharus, are monogamous. It is, however, strictly endogamous. Polyandry and polygamy are practiced sometimes. Rites and rituals linked with Tharu marriages are elaborate and complex. Most of the Tharu cremate their deceased. Others, however, bury them. There is a strange custom of keeping men face down and women face up during the burial. There is no apparent reason for it.

BRAHMANS, CHHETRIS AND THAKURIS

They are predominant ethnic groups in Nepal and altogether they form approximately 31.5% of total population. They are speakers of Nepali, the national language of Nepal. Originally, it is believed that they migrated from different parts of India and settled in across the country.

BRAHMANS
Brahmans are the members of the highest social caste. Two different categories of Brahmans viz. ' Kumai Brahmans' and ' Purbiya Brahmans' are present. They only differ in their derived homeland. The ' Kumai Brahmans' are supposed to have come from the mountainous regions of Kumaon in the northern India west of Nepal. They are mainly confined in the western and central Nepal and the capital city of Kathmandu. The 'Purbiya' Brahmans derive from the eastern part of Nepal and are found scattered across the country with the greater concentration in the eastern part of Nepal and Kathmandu. Brahmans and Chhetris form a major group in Kathmandu and large number of them occupy key posts in the government services and in business. The Brahmans are priestly caste. The priests in all Hindu temples are exclusively Brahmans. The Brahmans and Chhetris are orthodox followers of Hinduism and its rites and rituals mentioned in the Vedas, Purans and other scriptures. Their marriages and other rituals are very complex and elaborate. Sometimes the parents hold marriages for their 11 or 12 years old daughters. Though this is punishable by law; one hardly gets persecuted against such crime. Child marriages, however, tend to slow down among the city dwellers and educated families. Inter-caste marriages are looked down upon and cross- cousin marriages are strictly prohibited. The body of deceased is always cremated. Women never attend the cremation. The pyre is lit by the son of the deceased. It is believed that 'doing so' will set the soul in eternal peace after the death.

CHHETRIS AND THAKURIS
In the caste hierarchy, the Chhetris and Thakuris come second to Brahmans. They are rulers, leaders and warriors. The Brahmans are their teachers and family priests. Like Brahmans, they are orthodox Hindus. Thakuries are believed to have originally come from the northern part of India mainly from Rajasthan . They could have migrated to Nepal in the 12th and 13th centuries. In Nepal , Chhetris and Thakuris are among the most influential and well-to-do social classes. They are mostly in the government services, in high ranked positions in the army and the police. Some of them have remained farmers and are relatively poor and live like any other ethnic group. The Thakuris resemble the Chhetris in most of the cultural aspects and social status. The cross- cousins marriages are forbidden among the Chhetris. The Thakuris, however, commonly practise it among themselves.

NEWARS

The natives of Kathmandu, the Newars, are mainly traders. With a purpose to trade, they are scattered across the country; with greater concentration in the Kathmandu Valley, Banepa, Dhulikhel, Bhojpur, Bandipur and Tansen. In Kathmandu valley, they make 44% of total population. Nationally, however, they make about 5.6% of total population. Despite the small percentage numerically, they contribute significantly in the history, art, architecture and business activities in the country. They are in to the business and government services; business being their main profession. They have negligible representations in the army and police services.Quite a few of them also have agriculture as their main occupation. These agrarian population are known as 'jyapus'. Newars speak their own language, ' Newari' better known as Nepal Bhasa which belongs to Tibeto - Burman family of languages. It has its own scripts and has no linguistic connection to Nepali, Hindi or Sanskrit. The Newari script, the 'Ranjana lipi' is exceptional. The Newari literature is also very rich. There are both Buddhist and Hindu Newars. Like elsewhere in the country, religious syncretism is blended into the culture and tradition. They celebrate numerous feasts and festivals throughout the year. Newars have a well defined occupational caste system among themselves. Though some Newars have Mongoloid features, they rather represent a community of different elements mixed together. Besides their rich cultural heritage, festivals, the Newars are impeccable artists and architects. To quote Prakash A. Raj, the Kathmandu Valley with all its temples and palaces compares no less to Florence in Italy. The Newars, of course, remained pivotal in the arts and architecture found in the Valley. Among the Newar community, an interesting ancient tradition, known as 'Ihi or Bel Biha' , requires that a young girl often 7 or 8 years old, be married to a certain tree called 'Bel tree' or to its green fruit called 'Bel'. The tree and the fruit symbolize a deity called 'Hiranya Garbha'. Among the deities, Hiranya Garbha is one of the immortals. Thus marriage with 'Hiranya Garbha' is considered to be everlasting. To put it in a nutshell, the Newars, though small in numbers, have a very strong and dominating influence in Nepal's economy, politics and society in general.

CHEPANG AND KUSUNDAS

These backward ethnic communities belong to a well defined traditional area in the south of Dhading, the west of Makawanpur and east of Chitwan along the steeper slopes of Mahabharat range of the mid- Nepal. Very few of these hunting tribal people started deriving subsistence from agriculture. Otherwise, hunting, wood collection etc. have been their foremost living subsistence. Though , they are economically backward, they have a rich and unique cultural tradition. With the increasing encroachment of the forest (their main living recourse) by themselves and other communities alike, these people lately started working in the development projects in the areas as hard labors. Physionomically Mongoloid featured Chepangs (& Kusundas) resemble the Kirantis ( the Rais and Limbus) but their lineage to them is yet to be confirmed. Their totems are dog ('Che' is dog in their dialect) and arrow ( 'Pang' is arrow). Their dialect belong to the Tibeto - Burman group of languages. It, however, differs significantly from the Tamang dialect. The Tamangs live higher in the mountains than the Chepangs and the Brahmins and Chhetris live in the lower dales. They call themselves Sunpraja and Praja. They consider themselves as progeny of Lava ( ' Lohari' in Chepang dialect) the son of lord Rama in the great Hindu epic Ramayana. According to the legends, the goddess Sita, the consort of Lord Rama gave birth to a son Lava while she was in exile in a hermitage of sage Balmiki near Narayani river in Nepal. One day, she went with her son to take a bath in the Narayani river. The sage saw the cradle empty and created another living likeness of the baby out of Kusha grass, fearing that Sita would be shocked at not finding her son and blame the sage for not watching the baby properly. On her return from bath, Sita was startled to find another baby in the cradle. The sage, later on, explained her the details and advised her to raise both of them as her own sons. The other was brought up as Kusha. Chepangs believe themselves as the progeny of Lava and Kusundas as the descendants of Kusha. (or Kushari in Chepang dialect). Chepangs and Kusundas are natural enemies. Chepangs fear that Kusundas kill them on sight. Kusundas are still in the primitive stage and live in the forests and caves in the forests of southern part of Gorkha. It is believed that only few dozens of Kusundas exist in the forest. Chyuri ( an indigenous fruit) is their favorite fruit. A Chepang family not owning a Chyuri tree is considered poor and generally looked down upon.Chepang form an strict exogamous clan. Offspring from a Chepang woman and a non- Chepang man becomes a Chepang as they are not accepted by other orthodox castes. They observe all the Hindu festivals of Dashain, Tihar and Sakrantis besides their own tribal festival Nwagi, which is performed on a Tuesday during third week of Bhadra ( some day in August and September). Chepangs do not possess other artistic skills of any kind except weaving of baskets and leaf umbrellas which they use for protection against rain. Very few Chepangs are literate. There still persists a tendency among the Chepangs to avoid schooling even if the government and other organization are trying to uplift their living standard.

MAGARS

Along the Gurung and Khas counterparts, the magars form an integral constituent of British and Indian Gurkha regiments and the Royal Nepal Army. They approximately make 7.2 % of total population. They speak a dialect derived from Tebeto-Burman group of languages. Their religion is Buddhism. However, there are also some Hindu Magars. The Magars celebrate the festival dedicated to the goddess Kali in great pomp (a Hindu festival). Especially in Gorkha, they sacrifice a lot of goats during the occasion. Those who live in the vicinity of Brahmans and Chhetris have their cultural rituals similar to theirs. Magar villages are typical with their round and oval houses. One comes across many of these Magar settlements in the Annapurana round trekking.

MANANGI

Manangi resemble physionomically and religiously to the Tibetans but they take pride to believe themselves belonging to the Gurungs who live in the lower hills and valleys. These people inhabit the pleasant valley of Manang in the upper reaches of the Marsyangdi river northwards in the central Nepal. The Manang district encloses three distinct areas of Neshyang, Nar and Gyasumdo; all of them culturally interrelated. They have agriculture as their foremost recourse of subsistence for living. The harsh and cold climate limits the cultivation to buck wheat, barley, wheat, maize, potatoes and radishes. They also breed sheep and other cattles. Now a days, they are also into trading and other professions. They have developed considerably in living style since they got special consideration from His Majesty 's Government of Nepal to trade in the South East Asian countries till 1963/ 1964. They are divided into different exogamus clans. Like the Gurungs in the lower hills, they are divided into Char jat and Sor jat ( group of four and sixteen clans respectively). They practice polyandry i.e. a tradition of two or more brothers marrying one common wife. This tradition, similar to that of other northern Himalayan people, is however common among the Gurungs. They arrange for feast, singing and dancing in the wedding. After death, they either cremate the body; throw it in the river or cut the flesh into pieces and feed them to the vultures. The funeral proceeds as the Lama directs the rituals. Losar, the new year's celebration is their main festival in the month of February. Similarly, archery is arranged in a grand way during the month of April- May.

DOLPALI

The Dolpa or Dolpo-pa settlements are concentrated in the remote and fascinating region which is confined by the Dhaulagiri Himalaya in the south and east; the Sisne and Kanjiroba mountain in the west and Tibet on the north. They generally settle at altitudes of 3,660 m ( Approx. 12,000 ft.) to 4,070 m (14,000 ft. approx.) They are probably the highest settlements in the world. These mongoloid featured people are Tibetan speaking. Most of them are illiterate, but they are not very poor. They derive their subsistence from agriculture and cattle breeding. The transactions are still done on barter basis. Dolpa society is divided into a number of exogamous clans. Each of the clans has a totem animal which they worship. The particular totem animal is never slaughtered by the clan member. Marriages are very relaxed in general. Pre-marital and extra-marital sex union are not prejudiced. All the brothers in a family marry a common wife. Marriages can be of any type; by arrangement , capture or elopement. They wear bakhhu (a heavy warm outer covering to knee - high). Dolpa women wear colorful aprons with a pair of trousers underneath. The ornaments include brass headdress of rectangular shape and other brass ornaments. The Dolpa people are Buddhist, but the Bon- po sect of Buddhism also co-exists. They dispose off the dead in different ways. Some throw the corpse into the river while others cut the flesh into pieces and feed them to the vultures.

The Culture of Nepal

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Nepal, a landlocked nation in South Asia, lies tucked at the base of the Himalayas between China and India. Perhaps most well known for the world's highest mountain, Mount Everest, this small and diverse country offers a bevy of religious, spiritual and cultural experiences. Read on to discover the wealth of opportunities that will enrich your mind, body and spirit in beautiful Nepal.

Visit a Buddhist Monastery
In Nepal, Hinduism and Buddhism are the 2 main religions. The 2 have coexisted throughout Nepal's tumultuous past and many Hindu temples are located on the same grounds as Buddhist shrines. The intermingling of Hindu and Buddhist beliefs is mainly due to the common worship of similar deities. However, Hinduism is the main religion of Nepal and Shiva is regarded as the country's guardian deity. The Pashupatinath Temple is the largest Shiva temple in the world, located in Deopatan, a small town just northwest of Katmandu. Note to travelers: The temple is barred to non-Hindus, but a view of the inner courtyard is available from the Shleshmantak hill on the eastern bank of the Bagmati River.

Just north of the ancient Buddhist town, Boudhanath, Kopan Hill rises out of the Katmandu Valley and is visible for miles. Once home to the astrologer of the King of Nepal, this hill is now the site of the Kopan Monastery. The monastery houses over 360 monks, mainly from Nepal and Tibet, but it is also a spiritual oasis for many visitors from around the world. Kopan Monastery offers 7- and 10-day monastic courses, and day visits can also be arranged through the reception office. While at the monastery, you are expected to follow the 5 Buddhist precepts: no killing, stealing, lying, sexual conduct and no use of drugs, alcohol or tobacco. Click here for all the visitors' information at Kopan Monastery.

Attend a Religious Festival
Religion is the core of the Nepalese culture, and most celebrations are religious festivals. By participating in a Nepalese festival, you will experience the richness of its culture and the vivacity of its people. The biggest and most popular Nepalese festivals are Dashain and Tihar.

Dashain occurs during late September and early October each year and is the longest and most auspicious festival in the Nepalese calendar. The celebration is 15 days long and commemorates a great victory of the gods over a wicked demon. The first 9 days signify the battle between the goddess Durga and the demon; the tenth day exalts the slaying of the demon; the last 5 days are a joyous celebration of Durga's victory.

The festival is marked with feasting and, be forewarned, a great slaughter. It is a time of relaxation and prosperous celebration for the people of Nepal.

The Tihar Festival is also known as the Festival of Lights, so named for the hanging of oil lamps in homes and villages. It is a 5-day festival following Dashain and celebrates the Hindu goddess of fortune and wealth, Laxmi. It is a celebration of the relationship between brothers and sisters and the closeness of the familial bond. Life and prosperity are celebrated nationwide during this festival and the dancing, food and patriotism should not be missed. Click here for a listing of all the religious festivals in Nepal.

See a Buddha Stupa
The stupa is a religious monument originating from the simple mounds of mud and clay that covered the relics of Buddha. One of the most ancient religious monuments, Swayambhunath Stupa, can be seen in the Katmandu Valley. Historical records found at this now lofty and golden-spired stupa indicate that the original structure was a pilgrimage destination in the 5th century.

Worshippers at Swayambhunath include Hindus, Buddhists from northern Nepal and Tibet, and Buddhists from central and southern Nepal. Something amazing occurs each morning before dawn, when hundreds of pilgrims ascend the monument's 365 steps and begin a reverent and religious clockwise encircling of the stupa. Famous for the eyes of Buddha that seemingly observe the world from all 4 directions, this stupa can be visited daily and is located near our next landmark, Durbar Square.

Discover Durbar Square
Durbar Square is 1 of 3 durbars, or royal palaces, in the Katmandu Valley. Dating back to Licchavi times, the complex was the residence of Nepal's royal family before the construction of the Narayanhiti Palace. Housed within Durbar Square is the Hanuman Dhoka Palace complex where the coronation of the Nepalese monarch still takes place today. It also houses 2 museums, the King Tribhuvan Memorial Museum and the Mahendra Museum. A ticket to the Tribhuvan will also allow you to explore the ancient artifacts and photos at the Mahendra Museum.

At the southern end of Durbar Square, visit the Kumari Chowk -- a 3-story stone building that houses 1 of the country's more curious attractions. Inside the palace lives the Raj Kumari, a young Nepalese girl chosen as the human incarnation of the Hindu mother goddess, Durga. This young girl is worshipped during the country's many religious festivals and makes other more limited public appearances.

Explore Royal Chitwan National Park
Royal Chitwan National Park is Nepal's first and most famous national park. Situated in the Chitwan Doon, the park was created in 1973 and made the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1984. The park consists of hills, lakes and the flood plains of the Rapti, Reu and Narayani Rivers. Perhaps the park's biggest draw is that it houses one of the last populations of single-horned Asiatic rhinos, as well as serving as a refuge for the Bengal tiger.

There is an entrance fee for entering the park, but it is waved for children under 10. The park is easily accessible from Katmandu via a national highway. Highlights at the park include participating in elephant safaris, exploring the park's museum and lectures at the Sauraha Visitor Center.

Eat a Traditional Meal
As with most countries, the different flavors and cuisines in Nepal can vary depending on region, but there are certainly some constants. Daal, or lentil soup; bhat, or steamed rice; tarkari, or curried vegetables; and aachar, or pickles, can be found in most regions of Nepal. Tibetan influences increase as you go north just as Indian influences increase as you travel south. You haven't fully experienced a new culture until you've eaten at their table, so here's a short list of traditional foods that won't have you feeling like you're on Fear Factor.

Daal-Bhat: The taste of this dish can vary depending on the cook, but daal and bhat are dietary staples and are generally served in most restaurants.

Rotis: A flat pancake-like bread made of wheat or rice flour available in most restaurants. Hint: most Nepalese do not use cutlery. They eat with their right hand, and rotis can be handy in preparing bite-size tastes.

Chatamari: Chatamari is a flatbread made from rice flour served with or without toppings like meat, vegetables, eggs or sugar. This dish is a favorite among tourists who consider it akin to pizza.

Gundrook-Dheedo: A popular sugar-free dish made of wheat, maize and dried green vegetables. It is nutritious, filling and very tasty.

Lassi: Wash all your local fare down with this refreshing drink, made from yogurt and water.

Nepal's People and Ethnic Groups

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Nepal has a population of more than 26 million people, made up of over 40 different races and tribes. The country offers such diversity that the visitor may experience any lifestyle from the stone age, in far west and high hills, to the jet age of Kathmandu.
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Nepal cultural groups by altitude
The two major groups in Nepalese society are Tibeto-Burmans, or Mongoloids from the north, and Indo-Aryans from the south. Many customs are inherited from both sides and have been developed by the influences of the land, climate and available resources.
The largest groups can be divided on the basis of geographical locations by altitude.

Alpine Based Cultural Groups
High Himalayas

Sherpas
Sherpa, in literal terms, means people of the east in the Tibetan language. Originally from Tibet about 500 years ago they have a close affinity with the Tibetan language, culture and religion. Sherpas major occupations include agriculture, animal husbandry, trade and have become famous for trekking and mountaineering. Today they are know worldwide for their skill and hardiness. They follow Buddhism as their major religion.

Dolpa people
The settlement of these people is considered the highest of any living ethnic group in the world. These people live beyond the mountains, west of the Kali Gandaki river valley. These people practice Buddhist customs.

Larke and siar people
Larke is the northern most part of Nepal's Gorkha district while Siar is the northern part of the Dhading district. These people mainly speak the Tibetan and Gurung languages and have ethnic affinity with Gurungs.

Manang basi
The people of Manang are called Manang Bas. Their major occupations include trade and business. They have their own language and scripts and maintain their own local religious practice with 12 villages called Bara Gaule-Baragaun. The famous pilgrimage spot on the Annanpurna Circuit, Muktinath, lies in their area. Although Buddhism is part religion, they follow Bon-Po which pre-dates the reign of Bhuddha.

lo pas of mustang
The settler of Lo are called Lopas. They carry on trade between Nepal and Tibet in the Upper and Lower Mustang areas. Buddhism is their major religion. They have their own local language and festivals outside typical Buddists as well.

olangchung people
These people are the inhabitants of Olanchung Gola, the main trading route along Eastern Nepal. Besides Buddhism, they have their own customs and practices.

Thudam, Topke Gola and Lhomis are other ethnic groups within Nepal's alpine region.

Temperate Zone Based Cultural Groups
Middle Hills and Valleys

brahmin and chhetris
Two large groups distributed in scattered patterns all over the country, which are considered the two highest castes in Nepal. They have sharp Indo-Aryan features and an olive complexion. Brahmins are believed to have migrated from India while Chhetris are from the present day Khasa people from Khasi. These people follow Hinduism as their main religion and socially they have many sects. They are divided into two major streams, the Purba and Umai. The Kumain people are of the origin of Kumo, Northern India, Uttar Pradesh. Their social practices depend upon Hindu religious epics. They speak Nepali, the national language of Nepal and use a script with basis in Sanskrit.

Kirati
Kirati mainly consists of Rai and Limbu people. Literally Rai or Limbu means headman. They are decendents of the Kirati's who first formed the kingdom in the Kathmandu Valley. They now mainly live in far eastern Nepal. Kirati people are well known for their courage and bravery and are often recruited into armies abroad like the more famous Gurkhas. The religious text of Limbu is the Mundhum.

newars
Newars are mainly settled in Kathmandu Valley and in major trading centers throughout the kingdom. They have Mongolian features and their own language and script, Newari, believed to have its origin from Tibeto-Burmans. Hinduism and Buddhism are their main religions. They have complex social systems and practices and are comprised of many castes. Trade and farming are their main occupations.

tamangs
In Tibetan language Tamang means horse traders. It is believed that they originally came from Tibet. The majority of Tamangs live in the hills surrounding Kathmandu Valley. Their social practices and customs are based on Buddhism and they have their own language, Tamang. They work mainly as farmers, labours and as porters.

magars
Their origin is basically found in hill regions of western Nepal. Their religion is Buddhism and their language, Magar Kura, depicts their affinity to the Tibeto-Burmese tongue and culture. Farming, military service, weaving, hunting, and fishing are their major occupations.

gurungs
They are famous for their innocence, simple mindedness, and bravery while serving in military forces. They are mostly settled along the higher slopes of the Annapurna areas and the Kali Gandaki river above the Baglung district. They are farmers of rice and grains and also sheep. They are ethnically related to Magars, Thakalis and Kiratis in eastern Nepal. The Gurung people love music and they have their own language.

thakalis
The origin of Thakali is Thok Khola, a high valley in central Nepal along the Muktinath region. They have Mongolian features, a fair complexion and narrow eyes. Thakalis are divided into four major groups: Gauchan, Tulachan, Sherchan and Bhattacan. Their religion is a mixture of Buddhism, Hinduism and Jhankrism. They are known for their hospitality, good salesmanship, and cleanliness.

occupational castes
Certain ethnic groups in Nepal are categorised according to their occupation. They are Kamis (smiths), Damais (tailors), Dhibis (washerman) Sarkis (cobblers), Gaines (professional singers) and Khumbharas (porters). The origin of these castes has not been investigated yet by the anthropologists. Hinduism is their major religion and Nepali their major language. Many have their own local festivals and practices.

Furthermore, Sunwars, Jirels, Chepangs, Kusundas and Panchgaule (five villages) are other minor ethnic groups of the Nepal midland hill regoins. Sunwars are Jirels are considered to be the off shoots of Magars. Panchgaule are similar to Thakalis. Kusundas still live in primitive conditions. They live in caves, under trees and in temporary huts in the forest. Only a handful of them are settled into occupational farming. Chepangs, who are believed to be the offshoots of Kirats, are slowly moving into urban areas.

Subtropical Based Cultural Groups
Ethnic Groups of Terai Region and Southern Nepal border.

brahman and rajputs
These a people are similar to Bramin and Chhetris of the middle hills. Their major difference being a high degree of influence from the neighbouring North Indian people.

tharus
This is the largest and oldest ethnic group of the Terai belt found living in close proximity to densely forested regions. They are dark in complexion and have smart, trim bodies. They follow the Hindu religion and their practices are dependent on many typical Aryan practices. Farming and business are their main occupations. Danwars, Majhis and Darais are very similar to Tharus, physically and culturally. Nevertheless, they speak their own languages which are of Sanskrit origin.

rajbansis
This is a dominant ethnic group of far eastern Terai areas of Jhapa and Morang. Although they follow both Hindu and Muslims religions, they have their own local practices. Farming is their major occupation.

satars
They are similar to Santhals of Bihar, India. They are very much like Tharus and their social life is organised and disiplined. They believe in Hinduism. Dimals, Bodos, Dhangars are agriculturist Hindu. Bodos are settled in an area know as the Mechi Zone and are more known as Mechain people. Dhangars, who live in one part of the eastern Terai have their origin in Madhya Pradesh, India. Dhimals are the Terain counterparts of the Limbus from the eastern Terai, mainly in Jhapa.

musalmans
There are Muslims migrated from Northern India. They speak Urdu and their social practices correspond with the Muslim religion.

Although these above accounts depict a fundamental description of Nepalese ethnic groups, it is difficult to pin point who is "ethnic" and who is "non-ethnic", who is "indigennous" and who is "non-indigenous" in a particular place. Past migration histories mean Nepal seems to be a melting pot. This is especially prevently in urban areas.

Destinations in Nepal

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Nepal's grandiose mountains, diverse landscape, fascinating history and rich culture attract tourists from around the world. There are many exciting, interesting destinations in Nepal from the Terai lowlands to the impressive Himalayas. Popular Nepalese vacation destinations include cities, National Parks and other wilderness areas. Join us as we investigate some of these appealing destinations in Nepal.

The Kathmandu Valley
Located in the Bagmati Zone of Nepal, the Kathmandu valley stands at a juncture of Asia's ancient civilizations. Within the cities of region - Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patan - you will discover the history, present and future of Nepal. Here, the architecture, art and culture of Nepal are clearly put on display for all who wish to experience this wonderful country. UNESCO declared the Kathmandu valley a World Heritage Site as of 1979. Evidence of this region's grand cultural and political heritage is easily seen in the over 130 monuments scattered throughout. Important monuments and attractions in the Kathmandu Valley include:
•    The Pashupatinath Temple, beside the Bagmati river, is Nepal's most sacred Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva.
•    Changu Narayan Temple is one of the region's oldest Hindu temples and is dedicated to Vishnu.
•    Swayambhunath or Monkey temple is an extremely holy Buddhist site which overlooks Kathmandu.
•    Kathmandu Durbar Square
•    Patan Durbar Square
•    Bhaktapur Durbar Square

The Himalayas
This region is probably the best known destination in Nepal, both amongst avid mountaineers and international tourists. The Himalaya mountain range contains fourteen of the highest mountain peaks in the world including the renowned Mount Everest. There are over 100 separate mountains in the range which actually expands over five nations. Himal is a Nepalese word meaning “range”. The Nepalese section of the Himalayas is divided into the following regions:
•    Sagarmatha Himal
•    Ganesh Himal
•    Manaslu Himal
•    Annapurna Himal
•    Langtang Himal
•    Rolwaling Himal
•    Gauri Sankar Himal
•    Kanjirowa Himal
•    Dhaulagiri Himal
•    Jugal Himal
•    Khumbu Himal

Mount Everest's base camp, located in Sagarmatha National Park is an extremely popular destination in Nepal and many hiking tours will lead you to this site.

Karnali Zone
This is another excellent Nepalese destination, especially for nature lovers. Contained in the bounds of this somewhat remote zone you will come across Nepal's largest national park, Shey Phoksundo. Also located nearby is the smaller, but just as beautiful Rara National Park. Karnali is a must for all those wildlife seekers.
These are just a few of the fantastic destinations in Nepal that you can visit whilst on vacation. For further information on specific Nepalese destinations visit the city pages on Nepal.com, where you can read a brief description of some of the most important cities in Nepal. If you are interested in the natural areas of Nepal, visit the “National Parks” page for an in depth look at Nepal's protected zones. We hope you have a wonderful time exploring marvelous Nepal.

Explore the fascinating culture of Nepal

2011-05-02T05:58:00.000-07:00

Nepal's culture is greatly influenced by its music, architecture, religion and literature. Your first sight of Nepal may leave you speechless, the great quantities of temples, churches, monasteries and other religious buildings, the hurly-burly in the streets and the number of people and animals socializing on every corner of the narrow cobble-stone lanes.
Nepal has about thirty-six different ethnic groups and multiple religions and languages. Its music is similarly varied, with pop, religious, classical and folk music being popular. Musical genres from Tibet and Hindustan have greatly influenced Nepalese music. Usually, women, even of the musician castes, do not play music except for specific situations, such as at the traditional all-female wedding parties.
The architecture in Nepal is another art that has become an important part of the country's culture. Nepal's architecture can be divided into three broad groups: the stupa style, the pagoda style, and the shikhara style.
Nepal is constitutionally a Hindu kingdom with legal provisions of no prejudice against other religions. The Hindu inhabitants in the country has been constantly over 80 percent since the 1950s. The second largest religion of Nepal is Buddhism, it is practiced by about 11 percent, while Islam comprises of about 4.2 percent of the population. The Kirat religion makes up nearly 3.6 percent of the population.
Nepal has many customs and beliefs that might be difficult to understand and not so easy to obey but this is the way of life to them and you should respect it when you are in their territory.
Do not feel offended if any Nepalese hesitates to shake hands with you because it hasn't been very long since the western traditions were introduced to them. Most Nepalese greet one another by a “Namaste”, a common act done by putting the palms together in a prayer like gesture.
It is customary to eat and deal with food with your right hand. They use their left hand to wash themselves after being to the toilet. Note that most Nepalese eat with their hands, forks and spoons are not very common.
Note that men and woman should always dress appropriately. Men should not walk or trek bare-chested, shorts are acceptable but it's recommended to rather wear long pants. Women are recommended to wear long skirts that cover the ankles, because exposure of a woman's legs can draw unnecessary attention.
Showing affection between men and woman in public is not acceptable. So avoid kissing, hugging, cuddling or even holding hands in public.

Language of Nepal

2011-05-02T05:57:00.000-07:00

Though Nepali (Khaskura bhasha) is the official language or the mother tongue of Nepal, there are as many as 126 listed languages spoken in Nepal. Out of these, three languages, Dura, Kusunda and Waling have become extinct. Apart from Nepali, the other most commonly spoken languages in Nepal are:
•    Awadhi
•    Newari
•    Hindi
•    Bahing
•    Limbu
•    Maithili
•    Mundari

Status of Nepali language
Spoken In    Nepal, India, Bhutan.
Region    South Asia.
Total speakers    35 million approx.
Ranking    57
Language family    •    Indo-European
•    Indo-Iranian
•    Indo-Aryan
•    Pahari (Northern zone)
•    Eastern Pahari
Writing System    Devanagari script

Nepal Bhasa (NB) Speakers in Nepal
Region    Newars    NB Speakers    Retaination
Eastern    148305    40644    27.16
Central    740868    586722    79.19
Western    126455    57999    45.86
Mid-Western    17787    3662    20.58
Far-Western    6197    940    15.16
Total in Nepal    1041090    690007    66.27

Creative literature at a glance
First Story Book     Tantrakhyan (1518 A.D.)
First Song     Walangata Simule Swambaraya (In reign of Pranmol malla, 1523-1550 A.D.)
First One-act Play    Ekadashi Brata (1633A.D.) by Sidhhinarasingha Malla
First Drama     Mooldev Shashidev by Jagat Prakash Malla (1645-1673 A.D.)

Nepal Weather

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Nepal has great variations in its climatic conditions. But the weather conditions are generally predicatable and pleasent. Spring and autumn are the most pleasant seasons in Nepal and most apt for touring the counrty. Winter temperatures drop to freezing degrees with a high level of snowfall in the mountains. Summer and late spring temperatures range from 28ºC (83ºF) in the hill regions to more than 40ºC (104ºF) in the Terai.

In winter, the average maximum and minimum temperatures in the Terai range from a brisk 7ºC (45ºF) to a mild 23ºC (74ºF). The central valleys experience a minimum temperature often falling bellow freezing point and a chilly 12ºC (54ºF) maximum. Much colder temperatures prevail at higher elevations. The Kathmandu Valley, at an altitude of 1310 m (4297ft), has a mild climate, ranging from 19-27ºC (67-81ºF) in summer, and 2-20ºC (36-68ºF) in winter.

Climatic Seasons in Nepal
Season    Months
Spring    March-May
Summer    June-August
Monsoon    End June-Mid September
Autumn    September-November
Winter    December-February

History Of Nepal

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Nepal has been a Kingdom for over 1500 years from now. The Newars are thought to have lived in the Nepal Valley since the 4th century AD, developing a Hindu-Buddhist culture. Cited below is a brief chronology of the important events that happened in Nepal.

Nepal: Chronology of Important Events
Period    Description
ca. 563 B.C.    Buddha born in Lumbini
ca. A.D.400-750    Licchavi kingdom in power in Kathmandu
1100-1484    Khasa Mall kings rule in western Nepal
1200-16    Arimalla, first monarch of the Malla Dynasty, rules in Kathmandu Valley.
1312    Khasa King Ripumalla leads raid in Kathmandu Valley
1345-46    Sultan Shams ud-din Ilyas of Bengal leads raid in Kathmandu Valley.
1382-95    Jayasthitimalla rules as king of united Malla kingdom in Kathmandu Valley.
1428-82    Yakshamalla reigns - height of united Malla kingdom.
1484    Malla kingdom divided; three kingdoms of Kathmandu, Bhadgaon, and Patan established.
1559    Gorkha kindgom established by Dravya Shah.
1606-33    Ram Shah of Gorkha reigns; Gorkha kindgom experiences first expansion.
1743    Prithvi Narayan Shah ascends to throne of Gorkha.
1768-90    Gorkha conquers Kathmandu and Patan, Bhadgaon, eastern Nepal, and western Nepal.
1775     Prithvi Narayan Shah dies, first king of united Nepal.
1814-1816    The Anglo-Nepalese War and the resulting Treaty of Sagauli reduces the territory of Nepal.
1846    Jang Bahadur Rana takes over as prime minister and establishes hereditary Rana rule.
1946    The Nepali Congress Party is founded.
1947    The United States establishes diplomatic relations with Nepal.
1948    •    The country's first constitution, the Government of Nepal Act, is promulgated;
•    Prime Minister Padma Shamsher Rana resigns in the wake of opposition to the new constitution from conservative Ranas;
•    Mohan Shamsher becomes prime minister; constitution is suspended.
1951    •    Mohan Shamsher capitulates;
•    King Tribhuvan is restored to the throne
1952    •    Koirala resigns;
•    King assumes direct rule.
1953    Koirala is recalled as prime minister.
1955    •    King Tribhuvan dies and is succeeded by Mahendra;
•    Nepal joins the United Nations;
•    National Police Force is formed;
•    Koirala resigns; Mahendra takes over direct control.
1956    •    Tanka Prasad Acharya is named prime minister;
•    Border treaty with China concluded;
1957    •    Acharya resigns;
•    K.I. Singh becomes prime minister for a few months.
1958    •    USSR opens an embassy at Kathmandu;
•    Subarna Shamsher is named new prime minister.
1959    •    United States opens an embassy at Kathmandu;
•    New constitution is promulgated, superseding Constitution of 1951;
•    First general elections are held;
•    Nepal Congress Party wins absolute majority;
•    Tribhuvan University founded;
1960    •    B.P. Koirala heads first popular government;
•    Koirala's policies are opposed by the king, and Koirala is abruptly dismissed;
•    All political parties are banned; the king takes over direct control of government;
•    Treaty of Peace and Friendship with China is concluded.
1961    •    Kind proclaims guided democracy;
•    Boundary treaty with China renewed.
1962    •    New constitution, third since 1951, establishes panchayat form of government;
•    Land Reorganization Act and Mulki Ain, new legal code, are promulgated;
•    Anti-India riots erupt in Kathmandu over Indian aid to dissidents.
1963    •    Emergency is ended; Panchayat elections begin;
•    National Guidance Council is formed;
•    Tulsi Giri is named prime minister;
1965    •    Local government reorganized;
•    Giri resigns;
•    Surya Bahadur Thapa is appointed prime minister
1969    •    Thapa yields office to Kirti Nidhi Bista;
•    Indian military mission withdrawn.
1970    •    Bista resigns;
•    Raj Bhandari becomes interim prime minister.
1971    •    Bista is recalled as prime minister;
•    New trade and transit treaty negotiated with India.
1972    •    Mahedra dies and is succeeded by King Birendra;
•    Development regions are established under National Development Council.
1973    •    Nagendra Prasad Rijal is named prime minister;
•    Singha Durbar, the seat of government, burns down.
1975    •    Rijal resigns;
•    Tulsi Giri is appointed prime minister;
•    King Birendra is crowned;
•    "Go to the Village" campaign is launched.
1976    •    B.P. Koirala returns from India and is arrested;
•    Treaty with India expires and is not renewed.
1977    •    Tulsi Giri resigns as prime minister in the wake of corruption charges;
•    Former prime minister Kirti Nidhi Bista is reinstated as prime minister.
1979    •    Following nationwide demonstrations by students, Bista is replaced as prime minister by Surya Bahadur Thapa;
•    King announces referendum on the panchayat form of government.
1980    In national referendum people vote for continuance of the panchayat form of government and against the reintroduction of political parties.
1982    B.P. Koirala, Nepali Congress Party leader dies.
1983    Prime Minister Surya Bahadur Thapa is defeated in the Rastriya Panchayat and is replaced by Lokendra Bahadur Chand.
1986     •    Second elections to Rastriya Panchayat held;
•    Marich Man Singh Shrestha becomes prime minister.
1989    Failure to renegotiate trade and transit treaties with India disrupts economy.
1990    •    Demonstrations for the restoration of democracy;
•    Panchayat system is dissolved;
•    Interim government made up of various parties and king's representatives formed;
•    New constitution promulgated.
1991    •    Elections to Parliament held;
•    Nepali Congress wins a narrow majority;
•    G.P. Koirala becomes prime minister.President of Nepali Congress and interim prime minister, K.P. Bhattarai, defeated in the polls by the leader of CPN-UML, Madan Bhandari.
1992    •    Local elections held;
•    Nepali Congress wins a majority of the seats.
1993    •    Madan Bhandari killed in a mysterious car crash. Violent demonstrations by communists to overthrow Koirala's government;
•    Devastating floods kill hundreds.
1994    •    Prime minister Koirala resigns and calls for new elections afte losing a parliamentary vote due to the abstention of 36 members of his own party. New elections in November results in a hung parliament;
•    CPN-UML, which emerged as the single largest party, formes a minority government.
1995    The minority goverment of CPN-UML loses power in a parliamentary vote of no-confidence. A coalition government of Nepali Congress, RPP and Sadhvabana is formed.
1997    The NC-RPP coalition government loses power resulting in a UML-RPP coalition. This government itself loses power six months later to another NC-RPP coalition. Ganesh Man Singh, who led the 1990 democracy movement dies.
1999    The third general elections after restoration of democracy results in Nepali Congress coming back to power with an absolute majority in the House. Krishna P. Bhattarai becomes Prime Minister for the second time.

Flag Of Nepal

2011-05-02T05:52:00.000-07:00

The Nepal Flag was officially adopted on December 16, 1962 and it is the only national flag that is not rectangle or square.
Symbolism
The blue border in the National Flag of Nepal symbolizes peace, while red is the colour of the Rhododendron- Nepal's National flower. The crescent moon represents the Royal House, while the Sun is the symbol of the Rana family of Nepal.

History
Initially the sun and moon in the National flag of Nepal had human faces, but they were removed when the flag was updated in 1962. The flag is said to express the hope that Nepal will endure as long as the sun and the moon exist. The present National Flag of Nepal was adopted on December 16, 1962. The flag of Nepal is the only national flag which is not rectangular in shape. It is based upon two separate pennants which belonged to rival branches of the Rana dynasty, which formerly ruled the country. The two pennants were first joined in the last century, but it was not adopted as the official flag until 1962, the year in which the constitutional form of government was established in Nepal.

Nepal Facts & Figures

2011-05-02T05:50:00.000-07:00

Have a quick look at the geographical, political, economic, demographic and national details of Nepal. The factual details are an overview to the small mountain Kingdom.

Geographical
Located between two Asian giants, China and India, Nepal traditionally has been characterized as 'a yam caught between two rocks'. The country is famous for the majestic Himalayas and astonishing geographic beauty that includes pristine forests, crystal clear lakes, towering peaks and ancient valley cities.
Location    Nepal is a landlocked country situated in South Asia, between China in North and India in South
Area    147,181 sq km.
Boundary    2,926 km.
Land    •    Arable: 17%
•    Irrigated: 8,500 sq sm.
Climate    Cool summers and severe winters in north to sub-tropical summers and mild winters in south
Time    GMT + 5 hours 45 minutes

National
The Nepalese are traditionally very patriotic people. They have great respect for their nation and the national symbols like national flag, national anthem, national flower etc.
Nepal Country Code    +977
Internet Domain    .np
Flower    Rhododendron
Bird    Danphe Monal Pheasant Lophophorus ImSpeyanus
Colour    Crimson-red (Simrik)
National Anthem    Shri mân gumbhira nepâli prachanda pratâpi bhupati Shri pânch sarkâr mahârâjâdhirâjako sadâ rahos unnatti Rakhun chirâyu eeshale prajâ phailiyos pukâraun jaya premale
Hâmi nepâli sârâle.
English Translation    May glory crown you, courageous Sovereign,
You, the gallant Nepalese,
Shri Panch Maharajadhiraja, our glorious ruler,
May he live for many years to come
And may the number of his subjects increase.
Let every Nepalese sing this with joy.

Population
Total    24,546,861 (2003 Census)
Growth Rate    2.24%
Structure    •    Male : 115,63,921
•    Female : 115,87,502
Life Expectancy    •    Male : 58.84 yrs
•    Female : 57.35 yrs
Religion    Hindu: 80.62%, Budhist: 10.74%, Muslim: 4.20%, Others: 4.44%
Literacy    103,48,472 (53.74%), Male 62,42,975 (68.51%), Female 41,05,470 (42.49%)

Political
Though Nepal has witnessed great political instabilities in the recent past, the country has a strong base of parliamentary democracy & constitutional monarchy.
Form    Parliamentary Democracy & Constitutional Monarchy.
Head of State    King
Head of Government    Prime Minister
Legislative    House of Representative(lower house)-205 members National Assembly (upper house)-60 members.
Judiciary    Supreme Court, Appellate Court: 11, District court: 75
Administrative Division    Development region: 5, Zone: 14, District: 75
Capital    Kathmandu

Economy
Nepal is a developing country. The major industries in Nepal are tourism, handicraft, agriculture and water resources.
GDP Composition    Agriculture: 40%, Industry: 22%, Services: 37%
GDP Real Growth Rate    4.9% (2000-2001)
Average Inflation Rate    2.1% (2000-2001)
Per Capita Income    $ 240 (Rs 17,718) for (2000-2001), $236 (Rs 18,083) estimate for(2001-2002)
Unit of Currency    Rupee
Labour Force    Agriculture: 81%, Industry: 3%, Service: 11%, Other: 5%.

Nepal Culture & Religion

2011-05-02T05:44:00.000-07:00

Culture is embedded in the high peaks of Nepal, tradition flows with its rivers, art traverses through its valleys and religion lies in the heart of its people. Nepal, in short, is a country where art, culture and religion are a part of life of the inhabitants. People celebrate every moment with aroma, adding novelty to the traditions without affecting their essence.

Art of Nepal
The art and architecture of Nepal is deeply influenced by the religion. Unique craftsmanship can be found in temples, architecture, shrines, fountains and the design of religious objects. Art and religion is so deeply interlocked that it is impossible to separate the one from the other. All art forms express both Hindu and Buddhist iconography.

Buddhism in Nepal
Buddhism, the fourth largest religion all over the world, has strong roots in Nepal. Buddhism in Nepal dates from the birth of Siddhartha Gautama himself, therefore Buddhist influences are evident on the culture of Nepal. Nepal is the meeting point for Indian and Tibetan Buddhist traditions.

Culture of Nepal
The culture of Nepal is a assemblage of music, architecture, religion and literature. This mountain kingdom is multi-ethic and multi-lingual. The land is rich with unique cultural groups like Tharu,Yadav, Ahir, Newars and others.

Food of Nepal
Nepalese are great foodies and their food varieties are hot, spicy and nutritious. Newari and Thakali cuisines are the original taste of Nepal. Otherwise, Nepalese style of cooking has been influenced by Indian and Tibetan cooking. Dal Bhat tarkari is the staple food of Nepal. Meat curries and monos are the hot favorites among the tourists.

Music of Nepal
The rhythm, beats, bounce of Nepali traditional folk and classical music is spiritual enough to sooth you and entertaining enough to cheer you. Music is associated with every event in Nepal, then be it birth, marriage, festivals or national events.

People of Nepal
The people of Indo-Aryan community are the original inhabitants of Nepal. No wonder their descendents form the majority even now. Other major groups in Nepal are Gurungs and Magars who live mainly in the western region; Rais, Limbus and Sunwars who live in the eastern mid hills; Sherpas, Manangpas and Lopas who live near the mountains of Everest, Annapurna and Mustang respectively.

Religion of Nepal
Religion in Nepal is not only a system of social coherence based on certain rituals and beliefs, rather it is the binding force that ties the mountain kingdom together. Though Nepal is famous, as the world's only Hindu Kingdom, equal respect is given to other religions as well. Buddhism is the second largest religion followed in Nepal, others being Tantrism, Islam and Christianity.

Nepali Musical Instruments

2011-04-20T20:02:00.000-07:00

Nepalese musical instrument has a very strong relationship with Nepalese culture and religion. Nepal has a lot more tunes and rhythms of its own to share with the rest of the world. The musical traditions of Nepal are as diverse as the various ethnic groups of the country. The most complex musical culture in the Himalayas is that of the “Newars“ in the Kathmandu valley and the “Damai” in the other part of Nepal, which in the course of the past 2000 years has absorbed mostly Indian influences in shaping a unique musical tradition. In Nepal music has been flourished by mainly these two groups of people.
Newar’s culture flourished during the late Malla dynasty from the 15th century up to the 18th century. The Malla kings of Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur were devoted patrons of the arts and competed with one another in the beautification and cultural achievements of their kingdoms. Many of these Malla kings themselves excelled as musicians, dancers, poets and town planners.
The Newars live in a Buddhist-Hindu area where the two religions coexist along with a strong influence of Tantric practices and local traditional cults. In the complex Newar caste system both Hindus and Buddhists have found their place. Many of these castes perform their own characteristic musical repertory and ritual duties during festivals and processions. Newar music and dance are always related to ritual and locality. A portion of Newar music is secretly performed during esoteric rites.
Bhaktapur, a Newar farmers’ town at the eastern part of the Kathmandu valley has been able so far to preserve its traditional heritage. In 1989 there were still more than 200 music and dance groups performing regularly. With the influx of tourism and western and far eastern technologies this picture changes rapidly. It is conceivable that these living cultural treasures may vanish within one generation. For the future there needs to be an effective method for the preservation of traditional music and dance.
The other group that has historic touch with Nepalese music is “Damai”. From the prospects of indigenous Nepalese rituals, culture and musical anthropology, the linkage of traditional musicians seems to be tied with the invention of "DAMAHA" (a flat drum generally structured by wood or metal and sometime even by roasted soil especially in "TABLA”, another type of flat twin being used in Nepalese music.)
In Nepalese society, special group plays musical instruments in ceremonies, occasions, etc. to perform the rituals and tradition. These traditional musicians are known as "DUM" as well as "DAMAI".
The Nepalese cultural way of perceiving things and words and explaining and naming them, the word "Dum" seems to be derived symbolically after the sound of the traditional Nepali musical instrument "DAMAHA" in the sense that if we listen to the beat of the "DAMAHA" the sound produce is more or less like "DUM". Similarly, the other word "DAMAI" denotes the functional linkage between "DAMAHA" and the person who plays it. The word "DAMAHA" is originated from "SANSKRIT" language. In "SANSKRIT" the person who plays "DAMAHA" is called "YAHA DAMAHA BADYATE". As per the traditional way of synthesizing the long sentences in Nepalese society the above three worded SANSKRIT sentence seems to be synthesized and joined as "DAMA+YAHA" to indicate the drummer and thus this word might have been converted as "DAMAI" in Nepali language.
The early "DAMAIS" later invented another traditional instrument like "sahanai". "DAMAIS" have been playing these musical instruments like sahanai for the generations in special MUHURATAS (time) of special sacred ritual ceremonies like "BRATABANDHA"(a Vedic Brahmanic ritual).
Still today we can see “Damais” playing musical instruments like “damaha”, “sahanai”, “tanpura”, “panche baja”, “narsingha” etc. in special occasions like marriage ceremony, bratabandha, festivals, etc.
Nepalese musical instruments have great importance in Nepalese culture and society. Nepalese musical instruments are played in special ceremony like wedding, bratabandha (a Vedic Brahmanic ritual), and welcome ceremony and in any other ceremony or festivals. Different musical instruments are found in Nepal. Most of them are produced in Nepal. Musical instruments like “madal”(Two sided drum), " sarangi" “damphu”, “damaru”, “basuri” (Flute), “sarangi”, “pancha Baja”, “ghunguru” (Ankle Bells), etc. There are several Nepali instruments, which are unheard, untouched and unexplored and Sarangi is one among them. sarangi musical instrument is played by sarangi. Nepalese musical instruments are enjoyed by all the Nepalese people especially on the occasions, festivals, or any other ceremonies.

*Bansuri*

The bansuri (Hindi: बांसुरी,Nepali: बाँसुरी, Marathi: बासरी Assamese: বাঁহি, Bengali: বাঁসুরী) is a transverse alto flute of the Indian Subcontinent made from a single hollow shaft of bamboo with six or seven finger holes. An ancient musical instrument associated with cowherds and the pastoral tradition, it is intimately linked to the love story of Krishna and Radha, and is depicted in Buddhist paintings from around 100 AD. The Bansuri is revered as Lord Krishna's divine instrument, and is often associated with Krishna's Rasa lila; mythological accounts tell of the tunes of Krishna's flute having a spellbinding and enthralling effect not only on the women of the Braj, but even on the animals of the region. The North Indian bansuri, typically about 14 inches in length, was traditionally used as a soprano instrument primarily for accompaniment in lighter compositions including film music. The bass variety (approximately 30", tonic E3 at A440Hz), pioneered by Pt. Pannalal Ghosh and elevated to heights of global renown by the brilliance of Pt. Hariprasad Chaurasia has now been indispensable in Hindustani Classical music for well over half a century. Bansuris range in size from less than 12" to nearly 40".

*Sarangi*

The Sarangi (Nepali/Hindi: सारङ्गी) is a folk Nepalese string instrument. Unlike Classical Indian Sarangi, it has four strings and all of them are played. Traditionally, in Nepal, Sarangi was only played by people of Gandarva or Gaine cast, who sings narrative tales and folk song. However, in present days, its widely used and played by many.
Traditional Nepali Sarangi is made up of single piece of wood having a neck and hollowed out body. Sarangi is carved out from a very light wood, locally known as Khiro. The body is carved into a hollow frame with two openings. The lower opening is then covered up with dried sheep-skin. The original strings were made out of sheep intestine, similar to the use of catgut (made from the intestines of cattle) in violins. The village people allotted intestines of sheep, sacrificed during major festivals like Dasain, to the Gandarvas. The Gandarvas left the intestine in a pot for some days. Once the meat was fully rotten, it was pulled out, leaving behind the fine nerves of the intestine which were then woven to get the strings, which produced fine quality sound.[2] However these days, readily available nylon and steel strings are more popular with Sarangi players as they do not have the time to prepare the traditional variety of strings.

It is available in various size. Sarangi has four strings and played with the help of a bow. Horse-tail hair, which is still used by violin players, was originally used for the bow string of the Sarangi but these days nylon strings are common. The strings are supported by two bridges and tuned by Kunti (tuner). The Sarangi’s neck is fretless and the bridge is seated on a skin stretched over the body of the instrument. Different notes are made by touching the strings with the nail of fingers of the left hand. Notes in traditional sarangi strats from G4 and almost covers two octaves. Traditionally, sarangi is tuned as G4 C5 C5 G5 or Pa Sa Sa Pa.

*Madal*

Maadal (Nepali: मादल) is a popular folk musical instrument which originates in Nepal. It is made of wood or clay. Both heads are played, holding the Madal drum horizontally. It is the most popular and widely used hand drum in Nepal. It is made of leather with a wooden body. Most Nepali folk songs are accompanied by the playing of Madal. In maadal there are two sides, containing big and small.
Madal is a hand drum which originates in Nepal. It is cylindrical in shape with a slight bulge in the middle. Its main frame is made of wood or clay, and the leather on two of its heads is what vibrates and produces the sound. Both heads are played with hands, holding the madal drum horizontally. This typical Nepalese percussion instrument is the backbone of most of Nepali folk music. The well-known Nepali musician Ranjit Gazmer introduced this instrument to Bollywood music and has used it in many Bollywood songs such as 'Hum dono do premi duniya chhod chale', 'Kanchha re kanchhi re' and many others.

*Panche Baaja*

Panche Baaja (Nepali: पञ्चे बाजा)is a set of five traditional Nepali musical instruments that are played during auspicious occasions. The jhyali, tyamko, or dholak (drums), damaha (kettledrum), narsiha (a long horn-like instrument), Shehnai (a pipe instrument), and Karnal, (a big-mouthed instrument) comprise the Panche Baaja.
Panche Baajas are usually played by Damais, a Dalit caste according to Hindu tradition.

Nepali Musical Instruments

Nepali Festival Tihar (Deepawalil)

2011-04-14T11:35:00.000-07:00

About Tihar : The Nepali festival Tihar is also known by many names such as Dipawali or Bhai Tika or Laxmi Puja or as a festival of lights. It is a five-days festival, which comes soon after the Dashain Festival, and Tihar is all about worshiping of different animals such as crow, dog, cow, and worshiping of the Hindu Goddess of Fortune or Wealth (Goddess Laxmi), and cooking great meals at home, brothers and sisters shopping for gifts, flying kites, decorating homes and streets, playing cards with friends, resting and relaxing, and finally ending the festival with an exchange of a special temporary mark on forehead (tika in Nepali). The last day of the festival is known as Tika day or popularly known as Bhai Tika day (Bhai in Nepali means Brother). To sum up Tihar festival, Tihar is the festival when sisters wish a long life to their brothers (Bhai)!

Tihar is a festival for brothers and sisters, but What if you are a brother without a sister or a sister without a brother. Well, you can make one by accepting someone close to you in your relatives. If nothing works, you find one among your friends and neighbors, it becomes almost as if it was real. Whom ever you made your sister or brother remains so for life, and each year this festival makes your bond stronger. Tihar is a festival of sisters wishing a long life to their brothers, and Tihar is the most popular festival in Nepal. So hold on to your topi (hat), loads of excitement and fun are coming at you now!

Tihar and Crows (1st Tihar Day) - Here comes Tihar to teach you a lesson! Early in the morning of the first day of Tihar, family prepares a good meal. Each member of the family takes the first portion of the meal outside on a platter. The crows come down in large numbers and partake of the feast, they will call others before beginning to eat : Share, Share what you have with all! Crows (Kag in Nepali) are considered as the messenger of the Lord of Death, Yama. There is a popular Nepali superstition of crows too: When the crows caw, sadness is coming.) On this day crows are worshiped and are kept happy. Where there are no crows, any winged animal of the heavens (bird) will enjoy the feast. So Tihar is also about appreciating animals around us.

Tihar and Dogs (2nd Tihar Day) - On the second day of Tihar, Kukur (Dogs) are adorned with flower garland around their necks, red tika on their forehead, and are offered great meals, they are the king of the day! On this day, people pray to the Kukur to guard their homes. Call someone "Kukur", he/she will bash you instantly! There are lots of Kukur running around in search of a loving home. You can find them on streets and in your backyards, but on this day, even the most unsightly Kukkur will be treated like a king, everyone has a day. Tihar is also about breaking the boundaries only men created, "The Good", "The Bad", "The Ugly", and all but same to the mother nature! In Hinduism it is believed that Kukur guard's the underworld empire just like it guards our everyday homes!. Tihar is about loving Kukurs too!

Tihar and Cows (3rd Tihar Day) - The 3rd day of Tihar is about worshiping the mother of the universe - cow. According to Hinduism, the human infant is fed breast milk by its human mother for under three years. After weaning, the cow acts as the surrogate mother providing milk for the rest of the human life - through childhood, adult age and old age. Cows are the mothers of the universe, the sacred animal. The cow puja is performed by giving a tika to a cow on her forehead, and a flower garland (Flower Leis) on the neck, and offering good meals. Those performing Cow puja place her manure in different parts of the home, drink a drop or two of the cow's urine, as a part of a purification process. Also dip a blade of grass into the urine and lightly sprinkle it on each other's body to become closer to the mother of the universe - cow.

Tihar and Laxmi Puja (3rd Tihar Day) - One of the most important day of the festival is Laxmi Puja on which day the Goddess of wealth (Laxmi) is worshiped in every household in the entire Nepali Kingdom by means of Puja, decoration, candle lights, and oil lamps. In this 3rd day of the Tihar Festival, the entire nation becomes an illumination of lights. Pictures and icons of Laxmi Devi (Goddess) are placed and worshiped in a Puja room (or a place in a living room or a dedicated room for worshiping Gods) Puja is performed using flowers, incense, oil lamps, color-powders, bell and money (both notes and coins). Laxmi puja is performed at dusk using red mud, and puja is often done by a female in the family. She uses her hand covered with red mud to make a symbolic foot-print on the floor entering the home and makes a trail leading to the Puja room.

Laxmi puja is not only for households but is equally done by Companies. Business-Laxmi-Puja is done exactly the same way as is done in home. Usually company's cashier performs the puja during which time the entire office including office compounds are lit with various lights including electrical, candle lights, and oil lamps and usually staffs are invited to participate in the puja procession.

"Tihar and Songs : Bhailini Songs (3rd Day) : The eve of Laxmi Puja Day is made spectacular not only by lights but also by echos of a special song known as Bhailo or Bhailini that's played only on this day in the entire year! A group of girls get together and sing Bhailo door to door, giving blessings to the family in return for money or homemade treats.

Tihar and Songs : Deusi Songs (4th Day) Male members sing what is called Deusi or Deusuray in Nepali. You can write just about any Deusi song as long as each line ends with the word `Deusi' or `Deosuray'. A group of males get together, carry what-ever musical instruments they have or can play, and sing Deusi door to door blessing the home and family in return for money and/or refreshments. Teenagers perform various Deosi songs to collect money for their picnic! Some may play Deusi to collect money to build a new trail in a far away village in Nepal! During the Tihar festival the only kind of songs you are most likely to hear from local Radio stations are nothing but Tihar Songs, Bhailo, Deusi and folk songs about sisters or brothers unable to see each other during the festival due to various reasons. A poor sister, now a daughter-in-law may not get even a day's break to visit her brother on this special day, and she might sing a song to make your tears flow!

A Sample of Deusi Song. Includes a similar meaning in English

Bhana Mera Bhaiho Deusuray. (Say it my brothers, Say it. Deusuray)

Sormelai Kana Deusuray. (Say it louder and say it in tune. Deusuray)

Rato Batoo Deusuray. (Red mud trail. Deusuray)

Chiploa Batoo Desuray. (Slippery trail. Deusuray)

Laddai Paddai Deusuray. (Slipping and Sliding. Deusuray)

Akeya Hami Deusuray. (Finally we made it to your home! Deusuray)

.... .... Deusuray

Yo Garma Laxmi Deusuray. (In this home Lord Laxmi. Deusuray)

Sadthai Aun Deusuray. (Always come. Deusuray)

Hamilai Denus Deusuray. (Give us what you have money or meal)

Bidtha Garnus Deusuray. (Please give us now, say good bye to us, so we sing

Nepali Festival Bada Dashain

2011-04-14T11:18:00.000-07:00

During the month of Kartik (late September and early October), the Nepalese people indulge in the biggest festival of the year, Dashain. Dashain is the longest and the most auspicious festival in the Nepalese annual calendar, celebrated by Nepalese of all caste and creed throughout the country. The fifteen days of celebration occurs during the bright lunar fortnight ending on the day of the full moon. Thorough out the kingdom of Nepal the goddess Durga in all her manifestations are worshiped with innumerable pujas, abundant offerings and thousands of animal sacrifices for the ritual holy bathing, thus drenching the goddess for days in blood.

Dashain commemorates a great victory of the gods over the wicked demons. One of the victory stories told is the Ramayan, where the lord Ram after a big struggle slaughtered Ravana, the fiendish king of demons. It is said that lord Ram was successful in the battle only when goddess Durga was evoked. The main celebration glorifies the triumph of good over evil and is symbolized by goddess Durga slaying the terrible demon Mahisasur, who terrorised the earth in the guise of a brutal water buffalo. The first nine days signify the nine days of ferrous battle between goddess Durga and the demon Mahisasur. The tenth day is the day when Mahisasur was slain and the last five days symbolise the celebration of the victory with the blessing of the goddess. Dashain is celebrated with great rejoice, and goddess Durga is worshiped throughout the kingdom as the divine mother goddess.

In preparation for Dashain every home is cleansed and beautifully decorated, painted as an invitation to the mother goddess, so that she may visit and bless the house with good fortune. During this time the reunion of distant and nearby relatives occur in every household. The market is filled with shoppers seeking new clothing, gifts, luxuries and enormous supplies of temple offering for the gods, as well as foodstuffs for the family feasting. Thousands of sheep, goats, ducks, chicken and water buffalo are prepared for the great slaughter. All types of organisations are closed for ten to fifteen days. Labourers are almost impossible to find; from the poor to the rich, all enjoy the festive mood. Anywhere you go the aroma of 'Vijaya Dashami' is found.

The first nine days of Dashain are called Nawa Ratri when tantric rites are conducted. In Nepal the life force is embodied in the divine energy and power of the female, depicted as goddess Durga in her many forms. All goddess who emanated from goddess Durga are known as devis, each with different aspects and powers. In most mother goddess temples the deity is represented simply as a sacred Kalash, carved water jug or multiple handed goddess holding murderous weapons. During these nine days people pay their homage to the goddess. If she is properly worshiped and pleased good fortunes are on the way and if angered through neglect then misfortunes are around the corner. Mother goddess is the source of life and everything.

The first day of Dashain is called Ghatasthapana, which literally means pot establishing. On this day the kalash, (holy water vessel) symbolising goddess Durga often with her image embossed on the side is placed in the prayer room. The kalash is filled with holy water and covered with cowdung on to which seeds are sown. A small rectangular sand block is made and the kalash is put in the centre. The surrounding bed of sand is also seeded with grains. The ghatasthapana ritual is performed at a certain auspicious moment determined by the astrologers. At that particular moment the priest intones a welcome, requesting goddess Durga to bless the vessel with her presence.

The room where the kalash is established is called 'Dashain Ghar'. Generally women are not allowed to enter the room where Dashain puja is being carried out. A priest or a household man worships the kalash everyday once in the morning and then in the evening. The kalash and the sand are sprinkled with holy water everyday and it is shielded from direct sunlight. By the tenth day, the seed will have grown to five or six inches long yellow grass. The sacred yellow grass is called 'Jamara'. It is bestowed by the elders atop the heads of those younger to them during the last five days when tika is put on. The jamara is taken as a token of Goddess Durga as well as the elders blessing.

As days passes by regular rituals are observed till the seventh day. The seventh day is called 'Fulpati'.

In fulpati, the royal kalash filled with holy water, banana stalks, jamara and sugar cane tied with red cloth is carried by Brahmans on a decorated palanquin under a gold tipped and embroidered umbrella. The government officials also join the fulpati parade. With this the Dashain feasting starts.

The eighth day is called the Maha Asthami: The fervour of worship and sacrifice to Durga and Kali increases. On this day many orthodox Hindus will be fasting. Sacrifices are held in almost every house through out the day. The night of the eighth day is called 'Kal Ratri', the dark night. Hundreds of goats, sheep and buffaloes are sacrificed at the mother goddess temples. The sacrifice continues till dawn. While the puja is being carried out great feasts are held in the homes of common people where large amount of meat are consumed.

The ninth day is called Nawami: Temples of mother goddess are filled with people from dawn till dusk. Animals mostly black buffaloes are slaughtered to honour Durga the goddess of victory and might and to seek her blessing. Military bands play war tunes, guns boom and officers with beautifully decorated medals in full uniform stand there. When the function ends the courtyard is filled ankle deep with blood. On this very day the god Vishwa Karma, the God of creativity is also worshiped. All factories, vehicles, any machinery instruments and anything from which we make a living are worshiped. We also give sacrifices to all moving machinery like cars, aeroplanes, trucks etc. to get the blessing from goddess Durga for protection for vehicles and their occupants against accidents during the year. The entire day is colourful.

The tenth day is the Dashami: On this day we take tika and jamara from our elders and receive their blessing. We visit our elders in their home and get tika from them while our younger ones come to our home to receive blessing from us. The importance of Dasain also lies in the fact that on this day family members from far off and distant relatives come for a visit as well as to receive tika from the head of the family. This function continues for four days. After four days of rushing around and meeting your relatives Dashain ends on the full moon day, the fifteenth day. In the last day people stay at home and rest. The full moon day is also called 'Kojagrata' meaning 'who is awake'. The Hindu goddess of wealth Laxmi is worshipped. On this day the goddess Laxmi is given an invitation to visit each and everyone.

After Dashain everyone settles back to normal. After receiving the blessing of goddess Durga, people are ready to work and acquire virtue, power and wealth. Dashain thus is not only the longest festival but also the most anticipated one among all the festivals of Nepal.

Nepali Festivals

2011-04-14T11:11:00.001-07:00

Sreepanchami (Saraswati pooja)

Shreepanchami, the festival devoted to Goddes Saraswoti ( the goddess of learning)is observed in January-February throughout Nepal. The festival is celebrated by worshipingthe goddess at different temples across the country . The day is also known as Basanta Panchami and the denotes the beginning of spring season. Parents start formal education of their children from this very day.

Lhosar:

Lhosar is the New Year festival of diffrent ethnic groups, including Tamang, Gurung and Sherpas, living in mountains and hilly areas of the country. However, Gurungs, tamangs and Sherpas celebrate the festival on different dates. The festival falls durung the month of January and February. They greet their friends, family members and relatives on the occasion of their New Year. They rejoice the festivals by singing, dancing and organising great feasts. They also pray for the well-being of their friends and familymembers on diffrent monasteries. Monasteries and stupas, including the Boudhanath and Swoyambhunath, wear festive look during the festival.

Maghe Shakranti:

Maghe Shakranti is the festival devoted to lord Vishnu. it fails on the month of Magh when sun enters the southern hemisohere and the day begins to grow longer and warmwer. On this day people take an early morning in a holy river, visit temples of Vishnu. People read Bhagwat Gita, apply mustard oil over their bodies and enjoy the feast of rice cooked with lentils, yams, sweets made of sesame and jaggery.

Maha Shivaratri:

Maha Shivaratri is the festival devoted to Lord Shiva. The festival usually falls on the month of February. People throng to the temples dedicated to Lord Shiva throught the country.They fast for the whole day and worship Lord Shiva wishing for the well-being and prosperity of themselves and their family members. A great fair is organised at the Pashupatinath temple, lying on the bank of holy Bagmati river, on this day. Hundreds of thousands of devotees from around the country and different parts of India come to the temple permises to offer worship to Lord Shiva. Sages and Sadhus from India and Nepal add extra charm to this festival. nepal Army also observe a special military parade as the Maha Shivaratri also coincides as the Army Day.

National Democracy Day:

National Democracy Day is celebrate on the 7th of Falgun, usuallyon the third week of February. People and the ruler King Tribhuvan united to topple the autocracy regime on this very day in 2007 BS. It was the day when democracy was first institutionalised in the country. A government holiday is declared for this day and people celebrate the day by paying tribute to known and unknown Martyrs. A special function is organised to mark the day in Army Pavilion, Tundikhel.

Fagu Purnima (Holi):

Fagu Purnima or Holi is one of Nepal's most colourful festival. It is the festival of colour and people semer diffrent colours to their friends and family members to celebrate this day. The day signifies the demolition of demoness Holika by Lord Bishnu. The eighth-day festival formally begins with the erection of a ceremonial pole at the Kathmandu Durbar Square. People also through water-filled balloons to their friends and strangers as a part of celebrating this festival. The people in The Tarai celebrate the festival the following day. The festival usually falls in the month of March.

Chaite Dashain:

Chaite Dashain is One of the two Dashain celebrated by Hindus. The festival is celebrated by sacrificing animals by the army in the cortyard of Hanumandhoka. Western visitors are allowed to view from balcony overlooking the courtyard, with a splendid view of all the galore.

New Year:

Nepali people follow the Bikram Sambat calender usually starts from the first of Baisakh ( mid April). The first day of Baisakh, the first month of the calender, is celebrated throughout the country as New Year day. People extend their warm greetings and wishes to their friends.well-wishes and family members on the occasion of this New Year day. Bisket Jatra is organised in Bhaktapur to celebrate the New Year day.

Ram Nawami:

Ram Nawami is celebrated by Hindu people throughout the country to celebrate the birth day of Lord Ram, the king of Ayodhya, according to the epic Ramayan. The festival, Which usually falls on the month of April, is celebrated on temples dedicated to Lord Rama. A special festivals is organised in Ram Janaki temple in Janakpur to mark this festival.

Bisket Jatra:

Bisket Jatra is celebrated in the ancient city Bhaktapur and its neighbouring areas. the festival is celebrated by replaying a drama passed on over centuries. God Bhairav and Goddess Bhadrakali are placed in a large chariot and pulled through crowds of cheering onlookers, when the chariot reaches a sloping open square, tug-of-war takes place between the inhabitants of the upper and lower parts of the town. winners are considered to be blessed with good fortune for the coming year. The festival concludes with several days of dancing and worships.

Matatirtha Puja ( Mother's Day):

Mother's day is a day of mother, when the sons and daughters show gratitude and appreciation to her unconditional love and support. Children offer delicacies and gifts to their mother on the day. People who do not have mother pay homage to Matatirtha located six miles south-west of central Kathmandu. People belive that paying homage at Matatirtha brings peace to the departed soul.

Rato machhendra Nath Jatra:

The chariot procession of Rato Machhendranath is one of the most colourful festival celebrated in the country. Locals pull the chariot of Rato Machhendranath from Pulchok though diffrent thoroughfares of Patan to Jawalakhel, which the festivalis climaxed by a special ritual called"Bhoto Dekhaune Jatra". The officials of Guthi Sansthan display the antique bhoto from the top of chariot in the president, Prime Minister, Ministers and other dignitaries. The festival takes place on different days in the month of Baisakh ( March-April).

Buddha Jayenti:

Budha Jayenti, or the festival dedicated to lord Buddha, is one of the most important festivals celebrated by Buddhist and Hindu followers alike. The festival, which falls on the full moon day of Baisakh ( March-April), marks the birthday, the the day of enlightenment and the day of death of lord Buddha. Lumbini, the birthplace of Lord Buddha, wears a festive look during this festivals. Thousands of devotees parade in the streets propagating the message of peace. The festival is celebrated throughout the country.

Ubhouli:

Ubhouli festival is celebrated by Kirat, Rai and Limbu during the season of farming in the month of April/May. it is celebrated to worship the land and the nature with a "seuli" ( small branch fill of leaves). The literal defination of ubhouli is the migration of animals and birds towards higher and cooler northern region. Festival shows the inter-relation between human and nature.

Nag Panchami:

Nag Panchami is celebrated by worshiping snake god or Naga. it is believed that int he ancient times nagas halted rain from pouring over Nepal. So, the King at that time used his tantric power to make nagas to let go off rain. the King succeeded to make nagas happy and rain started pouring in Nepal. From the very day, it was celebrated as Nag Panchami every year. On the day, people stick a picture of Nag high above their doorway and perform puja and offer foods to the snakes putting in the yards and fields.

Janai Purnima & Rakshya Bandhan:

Janaipurnima is a festival celebrated on full moon day. On the day hindus chant the powerful Gayatri Mantra and change their Janai or sacred threat, while a rakshya bandhan, a read or yellow protection thread is tied around the wrist of Hindus. Pilgrims visit to a sacread lake Gosaikunda and pray Lord Shiva by bathing in the lake.

Gaijatra:

Gaijatra is one of the most colorful festivals in Nepal. The festival usually falls in the month of August and is celebrated in memory of the departed souls. The festival is organised mostly by the people of Newar community. People carry out aprocession of funny characters in memory of their kith and kin. In recent days, the day has also devloped as a occasion to crack jokes and satires on different distortions in the socitey. Interesting political satires are the major features of such programmes. the festival literally means cow's festival.

Krishnastami:

Krishnastami is the festival dedicated to Lord krishna. The days is belived to be the birthday of Lord Krishna, the eight incarnation of Lord Buddha. Devitees fast for a whole day and worship Lord Krishna wishing for the progress and prosperity of their relatives and family members. People throng the temples dedicated to Lord Krishna throughout the country. The Krishna Temple in patan attracts hundreds of thousands of devotees on this very day.

Gokarna Aunsi ( Fathers Day):

Gokarna Aunsi is the most auspicious day to honour ones father for his guidance and teaching in life. It is a day when sons and daughters near or far offer with gifts and sweets and spend the day with him People who do not have father go to Gokarna Temple situated in the north-east of Kathmandu. People perform rictuals and offer grains, vegetables and fruits to the priests performing the rictuals.

Teej:

Teej Barta is one of the most important festivals for Hindu women. Hindu women fast for the whole day wishing for the longevity of their husband. They throng to diffrent temples of Lord Shiva and wish for the longevity and prosperity of their husbands and family members. They enjoy the festival by sibging and dancing. They wear red dress and adorn themselves with attractive jewelries.

Gaura Parba:

Gaura parba is celebratted in the far_western region of Nepal honoring Lord Krishna's birthday. The Deuda dance is a major part of the festivities in which participants holdhands and form a circle as they step to traditionals music.

Indrajatra:

Indrajatra is the festival dedicated to Lord Indra, the rain deity.The festival, which usually falls in the month of August -September, is observed with great fanfare in Kathamndu valley. The festival begins with the erection of a ceremonial pole at the Kathmandu Durbar Square. The chariot procession of living Goddess Kumari, ganesh and Bhairav is organised to mark this day. The festival culminates with the worship of Goddess Kumari, Ganesh and Bhairav by the President of Nepal. lakhe dance, the famous masked dance in the country, is another major attraction of the festival.

Bada Dashain:

Bada Dashain, usually falls in the month of September- October, is the greatest Hindu festival of Nepal. The festival continues for 15 days. It is also called Durga Pooja as the festival is celebrated to commemorate the slying of demon Mahisasur by goddess Durga. The first day of the festival is called Ghatasthapana when a sacred jar with holy water is installed in each Nepalese house and barley seeds are sowed in the sand. The seventh day is called Fulpati, when a bunch of ginger stalks, banana leaf, sugarcane and seasonal flowers is introduced in the Daishan Ghar. the eighth day of the festival is called Mahaastami and it is the day of great sacrifice. The 10th day of the festival, Vijaya Dashami, is the major day of the festival when people take Tika and Jamara from their elders and relatives. The festival ends on the day of Kojagrat Poornima.

Deepawali:(Tihar)

Deepawali, or the festival of lights, is the second biggest Hindu festival of Nepal. The festival is celebrated for five days and crow, dog, cow and oxen are celebrated on separate days. The Laxmi Pooja, which falls on the third day of the festival, is the major attraction of the festival. People illuminate their houses and surroundings with colourful lights and Bhailo singers wish for the prosperity of people. Laxmi, the goddess of wealth, is worship their brothers and wish for their progress and the prosperity.

Nepal

Sambat:

According to the legends, a citizen of Kathmandu named Sankhadhar Sakhwa paid off the debts of all the people in Nepal. To commemorate this event, a new era was established known as Nepal Sambat. Newar community from all over the country mark the new year or Nepal Sambat with different festivals and cultural programes. The Nepal Sambat follows the lunar calender and it consists of 354 days per year and an added one month every third year.

Mani Rimdu:

Mani Rimdu is the most important festival in Tengboche. The festival is comprised of nine days of various ceremonies and meditation ( Drupchen). It is concluded by a special blessing ceremony given by Tengboche Rinpoche to the public and the world renowned mask dances are performed by the monks at the Tengboche Monastery.

Chhath Parva:

Chhath Parva is the festival celebrated mainly in Janakpur as well as in the rest of the country by the Maithili speaking people. This festival is marked for four days worshipping the rising and setting sun. Men and Women prepare special dishes made up of rice and molasses and taste them after an audience to the moon. they take a dip in Ganga Sagar, the famous lake of the area. People believe that, by worshiping the sun would help cure the diseases like lerosy and bring longivity and prosperity to their family member.

Bala Chaturdasi:

Bala Chaturdasi is the festival clebrated to appease the souls of the dead for any wrong things committed against them while they were still alive. The rites of this Chaturdasi are in honor of bala, a cremation site laborer who accidentally ate a piece of burnt flesh and became a demon addicated to cannibalism. the festival begins at the dusk of the evening prior with devotees assembling in the vicinity of Pashupatinath for all night vigil. Bathing and ceremonies begins at the dawn followed by a long 2-3 hours procession through a rough course over which the participants scatter grains. This continues until a horn sounds the termination in the evening.

Bibaha Panchami:

Bibaha Panchami is the festival celebrated in the rememberance of the wedding of Rama and Sita. Each year on this day, idols of rama and Sita are brought out in procession and their wedding cermony is re-eacted during a week-long religious fair. Bibaha Panchami reflects the devotion of Hindus to Ram, perhaps the most popular among the incarnations of Vishnum and to Sita the model of the ideal Hindu women.

Udhouli Parba:

Udhouli Parba is the festival celebrated by Kirat, Rai and Limbu community during the harvesting season which falls in the month of November/ December mainly to exibith the gratefulness to the nature and to receive the approval to harvestfrom the land. The literal defination of udhouli is the migration of animals and birds from higher down to warmer southern low lands. This migration towards south gave the festival it's name udhouli literally meaning downward movement.

Christmas:

Christmas is the festival celebrated by the Christians around the world on 25th December. Christmas is a fun-filled festival that harmonizes family and brings together the lost families together. Gifts are exchanged with eachother on the day. Families gather and sit together for the lavis dinner. The special food for the day is Turkey.

Tamu Lhosar:

Abiding by the Lunar calender, Tamang, Magar, Gurung and other Himalayan communities celebrate Tamu Lhosar as their New Year during the month of December. Monasteries are attractively adorned with colorful decorative items. People take blessing from monks for their progress, prosperity and happiness. Parties are organized at homes and invitations are forwarded to relatives and friends. Delicious foods, music and dances are the major attractions of the party. Greetings and gifts are exchanged.

Nepal Tourism Year 2011

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Cultural Video

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Pokhara

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Pokhra is situated on the edge of the Pokhara Valley which is home to some of the most spectacular scenery in Nepal. pokhra Nepal the Seti River has dug incredible canyons in the floor of the Seti Gandaki Valley. Most of these canyons are only visible from higher viewpoints but they are stunning to behold. If you wish to see what they look like, getting a little higher off the ground shouldn't be too difficult. The mountains here rise from 1000 m to over 8000 m over the short distance of only 30 kilometers. This astonishing fact makes them one of a kind! The Dhaulagiri, Annapurna and Manaslu ranges can all be seen from Pokhara and make for a stunning backdrop. There is a fantastic waterfall known as David’s Falls where the water from nearby Phewa Lake thunders into a large hole and disappears mysteriously. This astonishing fact makes them one of a kind! The Dhaulagiri, Annapurna and Manaslu ranges can all be seen from Pokhara and make for a stunning backdrop. There is a fantastic waterfall known as David's Falls where the water from nearby Phewa Lake thunders into a large hole and disappears mysteriously. Summers here are relatively hot and winters are mild. The region is sub-tropical because of the elevation and this means you can expect lots of beautiful green shrubbery all year around. Pokhara has changed much since the 1960's. Back then it was a quiet little town which could only be reached by foot. Many considered it to be even more mystical than Kathmandu. The completion of the first road in 1968 soon brought a change to this. Tourism quickly became a major industry and the city grew rapidly. Though Pokhara is considerably bigger than it was only a few years ago, there are still a lot of green spaces which make the place feel peaceful and spacious. Most of the town's traffic is tourists traveling to the Annapurna Base Camp. Since most of the city's growth has occurred in recent years, Pokhara is relatively modern. However, the old center known as Purano Bazaar is quite interesting and reminiscent of days gone by as are the mule caravans which arrive regularly from Mustang. There are lots of temples to visit in the region and lots of hiking trails to do. The lakes are generally not very good for swimming though boating is popular. There are a great number of natural attractions in the area which are well worth visiting. Many tourists enjoy Pokhara as it is not as cramped as Kathmandu but it does not house as many cultural attractions as this city does. While it does have some great cultural sights, the focus tends more towards the many natural wonders around the city. Pokhara should definitely not be missed.

Lumbini

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Lumbini, birthplace of Lord Buddha, is the centre of holy faith for the millions of Buddhists all over the world. Located in south-western Nepal, Lumbini holds several reminders of Lord Buddha. One of the most important historical sites in Nepal is endowed by nature with rich natural beauty. The garden is foremost attraction in Lumbini tourism. The fact that Lord Buddha had taken birth in Lumbini Garden makes it a plce of reverence.

Gorkha

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The land of the Gurkhas The name Gorkha evokes images of fierce warriors wielding khukris; renowned for their bravery and total disregard for danger. Gorkha is the name of the town and the district from which these fearless tribes hailed. Once a tiny Himalayan kingdom ruled by the Shah dynasty, It was from here that Prithvinarayan Shah, ancestor of the present king marched his Gorkhali army into the heart of Kathmandu and overthrew the ruling Malla king.

When the mighty British failed to subdue the Gorkha forces in the 1800s they were inducted into the British army and soon became a force to reckon with. The British called them “Gurkhas”. The Gurkha personifies bravery. No fighting force has ever earned so much respect for its valor and discipline.
The district of Gorkha stretches from the raging river Trishuli (popular for rafting) to the arid border of Tibet. With its verdant river valleys and sharply rising hills, Gorkha is ideal for treks. The terraced hillsides shine yellow and green in bright sunlight. Delightful hilltop villages far removed from the trappings of the 21st century dot the countryside.
Places to visit
The Royal Durbar (durbar= palace) of Gorkha is a piece of history giving visitors a glimpse of the past. The historic town lies under the shadow of the Royal Durbar that is perched on solid rock. The Durbar was built in the 1600s by Ram Shah; an ancestor of the present king of Nepal. Within the palace is the sacred Taleju temple of the tutelary deity of the ruling dynasty. The durbar is a fort, palace and temple complex that displays a wealth of Nepali architecture. Also within the palace complex is the Pashupati temple and the cave of Lord Gorakhnath. The view from the palace is awesome. The giant peaks of Manaslu, Himal Chuli, Baudha and others stand majestically against the skyline towards the north.
Gorkha is a cozy little town with a bus park off the main street. There are many hotels and restaurants along this road. Further up lies the town center with its collection of temples and the old Tallo Durbar (lower palace), which is being converted into a park. Nearby is the Rani Pokhari; a small pond beside which is a Shiva shrine and a metal statue of King Prithivi Pati Shah, grandfather of King Prithvinarayan Shah. In the vicinity also lie the Krishna and Vishnu temples. Further up are the jewelry shops and others selling watches and clothing.
Manakamana, the shrine of wish fulfillment lies within Gorkha district. With the introduction of the cable car, the temple is easily reached within ten minutes from the highway to Kathmandu. This pagoda style temple receives hordes of pilgrims every day who come with offerings for the benevolent Goddess.
Trekking is the major activity around Gorkha distirict. Many short or extended treks can be made around Gorkha. You can follow the old road to Kathmandu from Pokhara, which passes through Arughat in Gorkha district. The more interesting is the twenty-day Manaslu trek. Following the Budi Gandaki river, the trail goes through the Larkya Pass at 5,200m and then follows the Marshyangdi river reaching the popular town of Besisahar where the Around Annapurna trek also begins. During the trek many Gurung, Magar and Tamang villages are encountered and the mountain views are fabulous.
Getting there The small town of Gorkha lies 142 km north west of the capital Kathmandu and is easily reached within five hours by bus. The 106 km from Pokhara to Gorkha takes just four hours.

Nepali Culture Bratabandha

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he ceremony begins with, you guessed it, the boys having their heads shaved except for a tiny tail on top that is tied with rings and sometimes jewels . The boys at the Kumbeshwor Temple were all wrapped in bright orange or yellow garb for rituals that last up to five hours. A priest instructs the boys in the lessons of manhood and gives each his own mantra shrouded in secret . There is much burning of incense, tossing of rice, dousing with vermilion powder and making of offerings.Each boy has a staff, a stick slung with bags of grain to feed him on his journey into manhood, a toy-like bow to protect himself from wild animals and a skin, preferably a deer skin, to sleep on as he journeys through the forest.

The boys take a symbolic journey, walking with their possessions around the ritual offerings laid out in front of them . The beautifully dressed women of the family make offerings of food to the boys to sustain them on their journey. At the end, a cotton string is looped over the boy's shoulder, signifying that he is now a man, even if he is only five

Nepali Culture Bibaha (Wedding)

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Wedding customs in Nepal vary according to ethnic groups and castes. Especially country like Nepal, have different kinds of wedding ceremonies because we have varieties of cast and creeds. Weddings in the metropolitans have parades or car for the wedding processions; full fledged band instruments such as trumpets and trombones, ferry lights all over the house which is naturally more expenses. These weddings are completely different from the traditional remote village weddings. They are very simple for very rich in culture.

Wedding in Nepal is a multi day event, which may engross an entire village. In its essence, it reveals the very strong social and communal values of the Nepali people. Few things in Nepali culture take precedence over a wedding and most people treat the time as the opportunity of a lifetime and a time to hold back and celebrate with varieties of foods, fun and dancing.After the initial marriage arrangement takes place, the wedding begins with a gathering of the traveling party at the groom's house. Celebrations are made and rituals are performed with the local priest and the party then travels to the bride's village with the procession... This party particularly consists of males only. Once the procession reaches the bride's village, the groom's family gamble, drink while the priest performs the ceremony followed by a big feast.

One of the important events in our traditional wedding is that the groom puts a pinch of red-coloured powder on the bride's forehead. This symbolizes that they are now husband and wife. This red color on the woman's forehead differentiates whether she is married or not. The bride and groom by tradition are always carried either in a wooden casket or by horse (if financially feasible). The bride after being handed over to the groom by her parents will then travel to the groom's village to become a member of his family's household
The ceremony is a very serious affair for the two young people. The bride is dressed in red, which is the color for marriage. Often, she sheds tear as the time to leave approaches. This may be a true feeling of apprehension of leaving the home and family or it may be just a traditional requisite.

NEPALI CULTURE

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Nepal has several ancient pilgrimage sites. Each temple is attached to a legend or belief that glorifies the miraculous powers of its deity. Kathmandu Valley is home to the famous Pashupatinath Temple, Swayambhu Stupa and several other famous temples. Hundreds of famous temples are located in and around the Kathmandu Valley.
Some well-known pilgramage sites are: Barah Chhetra, Halesi Mahadev, Janakpur, Pathibhara, Tengboche in East Nepal; Manakaman, Gorkha, Lumbini, Muktinath, Gosainkunda, Tansen, Kathmandu Valley in Central Nepal; and Swargadwari, Khaptad Ashram in West Nepal.

Nepal is also the Gateway to Kailash Mansarovar, the mythical abode of Lord Shiva. Devotees from various parts of Nepal and India throng the temples during special festivals. Even though weak infrastructure renders some places hard to reach, efforts are being made on national level to develop and promote some popular sites.

Pilgrimage sites of Nepal like Muktinath and Gosainkunda make popular trekking destinations. Tours to these sites are encouraged for the novelty they provide in terms of nature and culture.

CULTURAL HERITAGE OF NEPAL

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Introduction to Cultural Heritage
Culture includes language, dress, traditional practice, literature, religion, dances, belief and others. These aspects are the assets of the society. They are also related to the environment, Cultural heritages are those things related to culture which passed on from one generation to next. Culture is linked with the human and social development activities. People cannot be away from their cultural phenomena. Almost all the human activities such as life-styles economic activities social activities are related to the culture. Culture is our life –related practice. Cultural heritages plays a vital role to introduce a country in an international area .Nepal is place of inhabitants of different ethnic groups so, they are different languages dialects, customs, traditions. The cultural heritages of Nepal are listed in the world heritage list by the help of UNESCO. The cultural heritages Nepal enlisted in the world heritage list are as follows:
1) Swyambhunath
2) Bhaktapur Durbar Square
3) Changu Narayan Temple
4) Kathmandu Durbar Square
5) Bauddhanath
6) Lumbini
7) Pashupatinath

Importance of cultural heritage
The importance of cultural heritages can be explains in a number of ways. Some of them are as follow :
a) Harmony in the society: Cultural heritages are closely related to people. If people practice their religious principle properly they will be in discipline. It helps to develop a harmony in the society.
b) Integral parts of an environment: The components of cultural heritages like ponds, rivers etc. are the part of natural environment and components such as temples, statues, stupas, and houses are part of physical environment. Therefore cultural heritages are integral parts of environment.
c) Sources of information: Cultural heritages contain lots of ancient civilization knowledge. People could study their ancient civilization.
d) Various social activities, national festivals, ceremony, fares and pilgrimage, religious places come under the cultural heritage.
e) Development of religion and culture helps to develop knowledge and skill related to it. It contributes to the development of education skills and arts in the country. It is necessary to study and explore the activities related to our culture to clear originality and values of our culture.
f) Each country has its own cultural heritage. It includes its originality, specialty of tradition and other valuable aspects. These are the most valuable assets of the country.
g) Cultural heritage includes different types of social activities, festivals ceremonies, religious place, religious ceremony etc. carry social values.
h) It has accumulated the originality, characteristics and traditions of the country. These are the precious properties of the nation. They have held the pride of the national.

BHAKTAPUR DURBAR SQUARE

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Bhaktapur Durbar Square
Introduction: - Situated at an altitude of 1401m Bhaktapur covers an area of four square miles. 'Bhakta' means 'devotees' and 'Pur' means 'city' so, Bhaktapur means city of devotees. Devotees still remain a medieval charm and visitors to this ancient town are treated to myriad wonders of cultural and artistic achievements. The past glory of the Mall rules continues to be reflected at the Durbar square.

Main Attractions of Durbar Square:

The Golden Gate: It is the main entrance to the main courtyard of the 55 windows palace.
The Big Bell: There is a bronze bell on the terrace of the stone temple of Bastala Devi , it is also known as 'Bell of the Barking dogs'
The national art Gallery: It contains ancients and medieval paintings belonging to Hindu and Buddhists schools depicting tantrism of various periods and also the descriptions.
Dattatraya Square: The Square takes it name from the Dattatraya temple. The square is famous for ornate Monasteries known as Maths
Bhairavnath Temple: This temple was first built as a one-storey pagoda but was later changed into a tree storey temple in this by king Bhupatindra Malla.
Nyatapole Temple: This five storey pagoda was built in 1702 Ad by King Bhupatindra Malla.

Changu Narayan Temple

Introduction: - Changu Narayan is among one of the most important monuments of the Kathmandu valley. Situated 18 km east of Kathmandu city and standing 1541 meters above the sea level, this monument is significant from religious cultural hi

storical archeological viewpoints. The site is termed with different names such as Champakaranya, Dolashiker and Dolaparuat, but it is famous with the name of Changunarayan. This site was built by king Haridutta Verma in 325 AD. The lord residing in this place is worshipped by th

e Hindus as Garuda Narayan. This temple is one of the glories examples of the splendors of the golden days of Lichhavis.

PATAN DURBAR SQUARE

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Patan Durbar Square:
Introduction: Patan Durbar Square is situated in the Mangal Bazar of Lalitpur Municipality of Lalitpur district. This square is located at 5km southeast of Kathmandu and consists of palaces of Malla kings and temples. There are fine pagoda and Shikhara style temples, stone statues and unique artistic Newar architectures in this durbar square. The pala

ces and temples were built during Malla period. Also known as Lalitpur or Yala De (Newari) this square is full of Hindu temples and Buddhist monuments. This diversity of the mediaeval culture that allowed both Hinduism and Buddhism to flourish has left a rich legacy of impressive sightseeing.

Main attractions: One of the most popular site of Patan Durbar square is the Shikhara style Krishna Mandir which was built by king Siddhi Narsingh Malla in the 17th century. It is supposed to be the 1st specimen of Shikhara Style temple all madein stone. Most of the important scenes from the asient Hindu epics like Mahabharata and Ramayan have been engrdued on its frizes.

Patan Museum: The museum inside the Durbar and specializes in bronze statues and religious objects. It is situated in Keshav Narayan Chowk. It was actually opened in 1997 but the building it is situated in dates itself as made in 1734. It is considered as one of the best museum in Asia as a whole.
3 Main Chowks: The main attraction of Patan Durbar Square is the ancient Royal palace indeed. It consists of three main courtyards (Mul chowk, Sundari Chowk and Mani Chowk, Narayan Chowk) The northeastern corner of the Mul chowk is the 3 storied octagonal temple of Taleju Bhawani built by King Shree Niwas Malla in 1667. The Sundari Chowk holds in its centre a masterpiece of stone sculptures popularly known as Royal Bath, Between central Mul chowk and Mani Keshab Narayan Choowk lies a temple of Degu Taleju looking out into the Main Square.

KATHMANDU DURBAR SQUARE

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Kathmandu Durbar Square:

Introduction: Kathmandu Durbar Square is situated at the heart of Kathmandu with old temple palaces, spectacular images and other unique construction. The name Hanuman Dhoka

Square comes form the big statue of Hanuman (the legendary monkey god mentioned in Hindu epic, ie. Ramayana) Dhoka means the big gate to the royal palace. The royal palace dates back to the 14th century. The Hanuman dhoka Durbar square is the historical seat of royalty where the kings are crowned and their coronations are solemnized. Noticing its importance UNESCO listed in the world heritage in 1997.

Main Attractions:

Kumari Grhar: Kumari (Vestal Virgin) or the living goddess who represents a very ancient Hindu diety of Nepal locally known as Taleju is Buddhist by birth. The temple of kumari is situated in the vicinity of Hanuman Dhoka palace. The building has intricately carved wooden balconies and windows screens. This building was built in 1757 by king Jaya Prakash Malla.
Kasthamandop: Located near the temple of Kumari it is said to have been by king Laxmi Narasimha Malla in 16th century. It is said to be constructed from the wood of a single tree. The city of 'Kathmandu' derives its name from this temple.
Jaishi Dewal: A five minute walk form he kasthamandop is the Shiva temple of Jaishi Dewal which is famous for its erotic carvings it is still one of the main routes of the chariot festival of Indra Jatra and other festivals.

RELIGIOUS PLACESES OF NEPAL

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Swyambhunath

Introduction: Syambhunath is a temple of Lord Buddha and it is situated about 3km west from central kathmandu. This temple is situated on a hillock about 77m high from the ground level. There are two white dome shaped temple called Anantapur and Pratappur on the either side of the main chaitya. This place was listed by the UNESCO in the world heritage list. It is an ancient holy place and in addition its natural features are marvelous. The beautiful view of the whole kathmandu can be observed from swyambhu

nath. "Swyambhu" means 'self-created'. It is said that in ancient times Swyambhu appeared by itself as a beacon of light over a lotus with a thousand of petals and later on a stupa was erected above the site covering the light. It is also said that after the construction of Swyambhu Chaitya and concealment of Swyambhunath Jyotirupa (self-existing light) five Buddhas representing five colors of Swyambhu Jyotirupa appeared. They were namely virochana Aksobhya Ratna Sambhav, Amitabha and Amagdsiddhi. These five Buddhas are enshrined around the main chaitya site. There are many temples in the Swyambhu site. But the main chaitya is one of the worlds most glories Buddhist Chitya. It is said to be about 200 years old. Painted on the four sides of the spire bases are the all seeing eyes of Lord Buddha.
On the western side of the stupa there is a pagoda style temple that houses the Lord Goddess Harati. This goddess is believed to take care of sick children. Close to the Swyambhunath lies a Tibetan Monastery which was founded quite recently(1904 AD) it houses a large gold image of Shakyamuni Buddha. At the beginning of staircases on the eastern side of the Swyambhunath hills there are huge statutes of Aksobhya Buddha and as one ascends further there are 3 more huge statues close to the Swyambhu hill is a small hillock with 1500 years old temple of Manjushree. The main stupa of Swyambhu is surrounded with prayer wheel with Tibetan Mantra 'Om Mani Padme Hon'

Boudhanath

Introduction: - Bauddhanath is situated at Chahabil of Kathmandu municipal city. It is the holiest pilgrimage site for Buddhists. The Buddhist Bihar and Statues in Bouddhanath and in Surroundings in artistic and impressive. the area of Bouddhanath is also named as 'Little Tibet' of Nepal by the tourists because it influences Tibetan Culture. The 36m tall Buddhist Stupa has been erected and covers an area of 82.38m × 82.03m. The main entrance lies in the north side. In this ara there are 3 path to go round the Bouddha. The three parts are in the form of 3 layers or stairs. The staris have been constructed to reach the Sanctum on the both sioes of northern part of the stair. There are figures of the guards Bajrapani and Khadangapani on elephant, the state statue reflects in influences of Tibetan culture. On the first path there are 4 to 2 small chaityas in the northern and southern part respectively, after the third stairs a circular sanctum has been constructed at 4 sides of the sanctum. There are numerous figures of Terithangata Buddha with Tarano. Above this are the square shaped part whose front face the four directions of these parts. Two eyes and Pancharastimi are portrayed. There is belief that through eyes of Bouddha 's sight look every one after the 4 squared parts there are 13 layers. The 13 layer represent the wheel in the philosophy to attain the state of Bouddha the 13 layers of knowledge have to be a crossed on the top of the 13 layers. The colours represent Pancha Buddha.

Lumbini

Introduction: - Lumbini is the most sacred place for Buddhist as well as a glorious spot for the country because Sakyamuni or Siddhartha Gautam or Lord Buddha was born here in 623 BC for centuries Buddhist all over the world knew that Lumbini was the birthplace of Lord Buddha, Though its exact location was unknown. The Chinese pilgrims of ancient times Huan Tsang and Faeitian indicated to this area says , Lumbini where the Lord was born is a piece of heaven on Earth and one could see the snow-covered mountains among the splendid garden embedded with monasteries and stupas. Though the pilgrims described the location its exact location still remained uncertain and obscure until Dec 1st 1886. In 1886 German Archaeologist Dr. Alois A. Fuhrer came across a stone pillar and a ascertained beyond doubt that it is the birthplace of Gautam Buddha. The Ashoka pillar discovered by the German Archeologist Dr. Fuhrer is the first epigraphic evidence relation to the life history of Gautam Buddha. It is also the most visible Landmark of the Lumbini Garden. It is said that the great Indian emperor Ahoka Visit this area on the twentieth year of his ascendancy to the throne and erected this pillar as homage to the birthplace of the Lord and his visit to this sacred place. The inscription on the pillar confirms that the locations of Lumbini harden as the birthpace of Lord Buddha. The inscription reads "Sakyamuni Buddha the blessed one was born here" The inscription engraved on the pillar indicates the historical evidence that Lord Gautam Buddha was born in Lumbini in Nepal
In addition to the pillar another important shrine is the bas relief statue of Maya Devi Enshrined in a small pagoda the image shows Mayadevi mother of the Lord Supporting herself by holding on with her right hand to the branch of a sal tree with newly born Buddha standing upright an a lotus pedestal on oval halo. Earliest the image of Mayadevi temple was currently dismantled to make way for further excavations which revealed the sanctum sanctorum the exact spot where Buddha was born.

Pashupatinath

Introduction:- Pashupatinath is the temple which has unified all the Hindu people of Nepal as well as other country. It unifies 86% peo9ple of Nepal. It is situated in the northern part of Kathmandu valley. It lies at the western side of Bagmati river. The Pashupatinath temple is the largest Hundu temple and is considered to be the holies of all Hindu temple.
This temple is tiered with two golden roofs and the doors are made up of silver. There are directions mostly the western door is open. A famous and most venerated Shivalaya is enshrined in the temple. This temple was built by on of the ancient kings and has got a historical significance. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva, one of the 3 most important gods in Hindu religion. Pashupatinath is built in the typical Nepali style. The four glided doors enhances its attractions. The western door is kept open whereas other doors are opened in special occasion only. It has been housing traditional art and architecture of Nepal. It exaplains the civilizations and settlement of Kathmandu valley. It also explains the inter-relationship between nature and culture. The great forest Bagmati river and other natural scene have decorated the Pashupati complex.
In the Pashupati premises there temples of number of god and goddesses like Bhairab , Ananta, Narayan, Kageshwori, Yamaraj and Ganesh. But the main temple is Pashupatinath and Guheswori. Several shrines and idols were established in this temple by different kings of Nepal. The golden foof on it were made by king Shiva Dev the idols of Lava Kush in it were established by king Jaya Prakash Malla. The Kotilinga in it was made by king Siddhi Narasimha Malla. so, different kings have put their effort in making Pashupatinath temple. Many huge gatherings are organized in the temple during many festivals, One of the largest gatherings is in Maha Shivaratri. The temple is crowded with worshippers devotees, Sadhus and observes who come to pay their homage to lord Pashupatinath in the night of Shivaratri, Similarly such gathering are also organized during other festivals like Janai Purnima, Teej etc.